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J 

PAKIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, 1867. 
REPORTS OP THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. 



R E !P O H T 



COTTON, 



E : R . M IJ D a E , 

UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER, 
WITH A 

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, 



B. F. NOURSE, 

HONORARY COMMISSIONER. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFIC 
1869. 



,VA* 



^■JllJO 



CONTENTS. 



REPORT UPON COTTON BY THE SUB-COMMITTEE, PARIS, 1867. 

List of cotton samples exhibited and referred to in the reports.— p. 8. 

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT. 
CHAPTEE I. 

THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CULTURE IN THE UNITED 

STATES. 

Repeal of the cotton tax and its effect— The planting in 1868— Estimated crop of 1868- 
'69 and its consequences — Deficiency in the cotton supply — The future product— Past 
accumulation — Present and future increase of wealth in the cotton States — Opportu- 
nity for cotton-spinning— Want of laborers — Large plantations must give place to 
small cotton farms— Restoration of worn-out soils — The South Carolina phosphates— 
Improvements — Selection of seed, &c. — pp. 9-22. 

CHAPTEE IE 

SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN THE UNITED 
STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 

Introductory — United States— First cotton planting— Prominent incidents in colonial 
times — Invention of cotton spinning machinery — First exports— Whitney's cotton 
gin — Comparative progress of cotton consumption — Sea Island cotton — Statistics of 
cotton production — British India — Egypt— Brazil — West Indies and Guiana — Tur- 
key — Other countries.— pp. 22-50. 

CHAPTEE III. 

COTTON MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Prominent events in the history of the cotton manufacture — Statistics of manufacture — 
Averages of spindles — Returns from cotton mills — Comparative statement of the 
movements of cotton in Europe and the United States— Conclusion. — pp. 50-69. 



APPENDICES. 

Page. 

A. Capital invested in the Culture op Cotton in 1835 70 

B. The Augusta Cotton Manufacturing Company of Augusta, Georgia 71 

C. Native Phosphates of South Carolina 71 

D. British Cotton Trade and Manufactures 74 

E. Exports of Cotton Goods from New York 86 

F. Cotton-Spinnlng in the United States 88 

G. Exports of Cotton from the United States 89 

H. Cotton-Growing in Indla. and other Countries — Report of the Pro- 
ceedings of the Manchester Cotton Supply Assoclvtion 90 

I. Notice of Erroneous Cotton Statistics 91 

K. List of the Prlncipal Exhibitors of Cotton and of the Awards 93 

L. Report upon the Production of Cotton, by M. Engel Dollfus, Mem- 
ber of the International Jivry. [Translated from Yol. VI of the " Rapports dn 

Jury International."] 96 



ERRATUM. 

Page 19, line 18, for "adequate," read inadequate. 



COTTON. 



BEPORT OF THE SUB -COMMITTEE. 

FROM THE COMMITTEE ON RAW MATERIALS AND THE MANUFACTURE 

THEREOF, ETC. 

The few samples of cotton exhibited from the United States were not 
worthy of special mention as representing this great staple. The " Cotton 
Supply Association" of Manchester, England, had, however, prepared and 
sent to the Exposition some cases, in which were arranged, suitably for 
comparison and contrast, samples of all the cotton of the world — that is 
to say, samples from every country and of every kind from each country, 
whence was produced the cotton which made up the commercial supply 
of the world for the past year. The Committee regarded this, as in itself, 
a literal and truthful exhibition of the cotton " of all nations," and there- 
fore a better and more convincing report than anything descriptive that 
could be written to show the present position of our country in relation 
to others in cotton growing. By the aid and courtesy of the secretary 
of the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, a similar collection of 
samples, but more full and complete, was prepared at Manchester by 
request of the Committee, and is hereby submitted in connection with 
this report, and with the suggestion that the two cases containing the 
collection be placed for preservation and reference in one of the public 
offices at Washington. In the two cases are 154 1 samples from more 
than 40 different countries or localities, and 12 samples of cotton seed. 

During the progress of our civil war the scarcity of cotton carried 
prices very high, reaching in Liverpool to 31d. per pound for middling 
Orleans, and 24d. for fair Surats. The high prices and extraordinary 
demand thus created caused and extended the cultivation of cotton 
throughout the world wherever the proper physical conditions existed. 

In 1860 the cotton product of the United States supplied home con- 
sumption, and 85 per cent, of that of Europe. 

In 1864 the United States imported cotton from Liverpool and from 
some producing countries, and of the consumption of Europe less than 
10 per cent, was of the growth of the United States. 

Two remarkable effects resulted during this period : first, the improve- 
ment and adaptation of machinery for spinning the short staples of India, 
China, Japan, &c; second, an improvement, still more important as 
favoring their use in the place of American cotton, obtained in the char- 
acter of their staple by the use annually of American or Egyptian seed. 
This change of seed has produced in the east cotton which approaches 

1 See list of these appended hereto. 



4 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

closely our upland cotton in spinning value. A further change for the 
better has been made in the preparation for market of the great bulk of 
India cotton, which formerly was so badly charged with held waste and 
other diri thai the classifications of American cotton could not be applied 
to it. 

This adulteration has been lessened very materially. Thus it appears 
that the improved character of the cotton, in staple and cleanliness, con- 
curs with the improved machinery and methods of use, to make India 
cotton approximate much nearer the value of American cotton for all 
coarse and medium work than before the war. 

British India is our chief competitor in supplying the world with cotton 
We have noticed their relative improvement during our disability. It 
should be noted here that our country otters a higher price for labor than 
any other. The cotton-growing States cannot be an exception. Other 
countries that produce cotton to any considerable extent, such as Egypt 
and India, have labor at the lowest price — that of a cheap subsistence. 
The position of the planter in America should be contrasted with that of 
the planter in India, both hiring labor, the one at the practical cost of 
$25 per month, the other at a cost of $25 per year. A like contrast should 
be made between the ryot of India and the farmer of America, such as 
it is hoped and believed will be most of our southern citizens, both white 
and black, who have no labor but their own and their famibes, when the 
only salable product of their few acres shall no longer be taxed. 

The annual cotton statistics of the United States are made up to 1st 
September. It is the point of time between the old crop just gone and 
the new crop just coming in. It is a fair time at which to take the annual 
average price. 

^Middling cotton was worth in New York — 



Cc?its. 



September 1 

Average of the year ending September 1 



Cents. Cents. 
52 i 67 
43i I 76 



1864. 


1865. 


Gents. 


Cents, 


187 


45 


117 


60 



1866. 

Cents. 
35 
38 



Owing to the great fluctuations in the rates for sterling exchange, or 
gold, the price at New York varied from that in Liverpool, where cotton 
statistics are made at the end of the year, when the price was for mid- 
dling Orleans: 



December 31 

Averiige of year. 



1861. 


1862. 


1863. 


1864. 


1865. 


Pence. 


Pence. 


Pence. 


Pence. 


Pence. 


12 


22 


27£ 


27 


21 


71- 


16 


23 i 


26} 


19 



]8fi6. 

Pence. 
15 
ISi 



COTTON. 5 

For the five years, 1856-'60, the average consumption of cotton in the 
world was, per annum — 

In Europe 3,755,000 bales, or 1,574,700,000 pounds. 

In the United States 720,000 bales, or 331,300,000 pounds. 

Total amounts 4,475,000 bales, or 1,906,000,000 pounds. 



Of which was grown in the United States 3,585,000 bales, or 1,606,000,000 
pounds, equal to 84.26 per cent, of the whole. 

In 1864 the whole import of cotton into Great Britain was 2,587,000 
bales, of which only 197,000 bales, or less than eight per cent. (7.62) were 
of United States growth; while other countries supplied 92.38 per cent., 
or 2,390,000 bales, so rapid was the increase in their production. 

In 1865 and 1866, countries other than the United States supplied 
83.28 per cent, and .69 per cent, respectively, or 2,293,000 bales, out of an 
import of 2,755,000 bales, and 2,587,000 out of an import of 3,750,000, 
notwithstanding that 50 per cent, had been lost from the highest price, 
or from 31 pence per pound in 1864 to 20 pence in 1865, and 15^ pence 
in 1866. 

At this time (August, 1867) the value of cotton is still declining. In 
England the decline encountered already since the close of our war has 
been most disastrous to importers and others dealing in cotton; and it 
is believed that prices will fall to or below seven pence per pound for 
fair Dhollerah, (Surats,) and nine pence per pound for middling New 
Orleans, which last price would be equivalent to 20 cents per pound in 
New York, or 19 cents per pound in New Orleans. The import to 
Europe (principally to Great Britain) from India is already large, and 
will probably exceed 1,500,000 bales for this year, or nearly the same as 
last year; while the crop of the United States for 1866-7, including the 
stock remaining September 1, 1866, will hardly exceed 2,000,000 bales, 
from which 700,000 must be taken for home use, leaving for export only 
1,300,000 bales, or less than the supply to Great Britain from India alone. 

Thus it appears that while prices have fallen so far, and are yet falling 
from year to year, the production of cotton in other countries is contin- 
ued on a scale so large that a large surplus remains over at the end of 
each year, and the United States crop supplies only about 35 per cent, 
of the European consumption. 

It is estimated that our crop this year will be more than 2,500,000 
bales, if the picking season be favorable, and that other countries will 
produce as much as the average of the last three years, if not more, 
which may be shipped to Europe in greater or less quantities, as the 
prices shall be higher or lower. Should these estimates be sustained by 
the fact, it seems to follow as a necessity of the bad state of the trade 
that prices shall decline to a range below a just value in view of the 
probable future supply, and far below the cost to the planter who has 
hired labor to make his crop. Eor the moment, the effect of so great 



6 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

cheapening of prices is to lessen the demand instead of increasing it, 
because the business of manufacturers, which is the source of demand 
for consumption, is itself suffering and unprofitable under a great decline 
in the value of their products, and the trade insists upon further conees- 
sion in view of the present and impending decline in the raw material. 

Suppose cotton shall decline to 20 cents per pound for middling in New 
York. This would return to the planter only 16 cents on his plantation, 
and the planter who has been able to make his crop with hired labor at 
a eost not exceeding 10 cents must have had very favorable conditions. 

If the price shall be oidy 10 cents in New York, (which should not be 
regarded as impossible in view of the possible supply, and the fact that 
the average price before the war was for many years below 10 cents,) — 
if the price shall be only 10 cents in New York, or 12 cents to the planter, 
he cannot pay his hired laborers with the entire net proceeds. 

A tax of 2£ cents per pound on 10 cents, if the planter shall get so 
much, is equal to 15§ per cent, and on 12 cents is 20f per cent. 1 

Wlien the first excise tax of 3 cents per pound was laid upon cotton, 
middling American cotton was worth 50 cents per pound. At such a 
price there would have been great profit in cotton growing, if fair crops 
were obtained, and the tax would have been lightly felt. The price fell 
to 35 cents the following year, notwithstanding such a failure of the 
crop as left that price unremunerative, and at the close of the last ses- 
sion Congress reduced the tax to 2^ cents per pound. 

When Congress again assembles the price of the new crop will be 
known, and the proportion which 2£ cents per pound bears to it. 

During many years the English manufacturers have sought to extend 
and improve cotton planting in various countries. In promoting this 
object the Manchester Cotton Supply Association has been the chief, as 
it has been the most able and efficient, agency. Its thorough organiza- 
tion for gathering and transmitting information to and from all parts of 
the world prepared it for the emergency occasioned by our Avar, when it 
was necessary, by prompt diffusion of information, encouragement, seeds, 
machinery, &c, to avert the threatened exhaustion of the supply of this 
important material, and mitigate the evils of its scarcity. 

All the energy and perseverance of this association, guided by wise 
counsels and unceasing experiments, supported by the wealth it could 
combine with the favor and assistance of the British government, had 
failed to achieve success in introducing the culture of cotton anywhere, 
or to extend it where previously existing, as in British India, so as to 
compete in any appreciable degree with the cotton product of the United 
States. 

1 In proof that this industry cannot bear this tax, it is only necessary to call attention 
to the samples of India cotton, which, when selling in Liverpool at 5d. per pound, returns 
to the ryot producer in India only 2d. Upon this price 2i cents per pound is equal (at 135 for 
sterling) to Id. or 50 per cent., and that advantage or premium is offered to the Indian pro- 
ducer by our tax system. 



COTTON. 7 

It lias been demonstrated that no advantages of cheapness of labor 
elsewhere could counterbalance our advantages of soil and climate for 
cotton-growing, so long as we had labor well organized at low cost. We 
lost our position ; it remains to be seen if we can regain it. Short as was 
the time, 1861 to 1865, it sufficed to work out wonderful results by the 
extraordinary power of price in forcing cotton-growing. Excessive pro- 
duction and supply must so reduce price as to lessen production and 
enlarge consumption. Shall the cotton product of the United States be 
reduced as in other countries'? or shall our natural advantages be 
improved to restore this great industry to its proper pre-eminence'? 
This, it is believed, depends almost entirely upon the legislation by 
Congress. Shoidd an excise tax be continued, it is very evident that 
production in the United States, being unprofitable and burdened, must 
fall away until scarcity shall again cause high prices ; whereas, without 
the tax, the southern, people can successfully compete with the world, 
and more than recover the old monopoly of supply. 

Having carefully observed what has been done and is doing by other 
nations, the Committee present the following conclusions : 

1. That cotton-growing in our southern States, if untaxed, can be con- 
ducted profitably and successfully as against all competition elsewhere. 

2. That if burdened by a tax sufficient to be worth to the treasury 
the cost of its collection, it cannot at present, if ever, be successfully 
prosecuted. 

3. That, already familiar to our people in all its details, it is the only 
industry immediately available and practicable, to the great body of the 
laboring population of the south, for the profitable employment of sur- 
plus labor ; that is, beyond the necessities of crops for subsistence, in 
the production of something salable and exchangeable, whereby wealth 
can be regained ; and, 

4. That the importance of a large production of cotton as the chief 
export of the country in adjusting balances of trade and exchanges, and 
especially in its bearing upon the future position of the public debt, so 
largely held and to be held abroad, cannot well be overstated, and so far 
transcends the value of the present tax, that to preserve the latter at the 
cost of losing the former would be a "ha'penny- worth of wisdom to a 
pound of folly." 

In conclusion, the Committee desire to acknowledge their indebtedness 
to B. F. bourse, esq., of Boston, for the very valuable statistics furn- 
ished by him, and which they have adopted, as coming from a source 
entitled to the highest consideration, his long acquaintance and connec- 
tion with the cotton trade of the United States having given him unsur- 
passed opportunities for obtaining correct information. 

Respectfully submitted. 

E. E. MUDGE, 
United States Commissioner, Paris Exposition. 

Paris, August 2, 1867. 



8 PAEIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION. 

List of cotton samples referred to in the report of the Committee. 

South Pacific. — Peejee islands, Navigator islands, Polynesian islands, 
Karatonga islands, Friendly islands, Tahiti, (Society islands,) Oalm, 
(Sandwich islands,) New Caledonia islands. 

AUSTRALIA. — Wooloomaloo, New South Wales, Sidney, New South 
Wales,- South Australia, North Australia, West Australia, Wide Bay, 
Queensland. 

EASTERN Asia. — Java, (American seed,) Java, (native seed,) Philip- 
pine islands, Shanghai, Pegee, Kangoon, Siam. 

British India. — Tenasserim, Assam, Indore, Palghant, Dhullen, 
Broach, Oomrawuttee, Hinglienghat, San Ginned Dharwar, Dharwar, 
(New Orleans seed,) Comptah, Ferozepur, Ohandah, Salem, Madras, 
(Bourbon seed,) Tinnevilly, (Madras,) Madras, Chwyleput, (New Orleans 
seed,) Berar, (Egyptian seed,) Nagpore, Delhi, Shorapore, (New Orleans 
seed,) Shorapore, Hyderabad, Khaudeish, (Berar seed,) Khaudeish, 
(Egyptian seed,) Khaudeish, (Oomrawuttee,) Kurraehee, India, (New- 
Orleans seed,) Ceylon. 

Africa. — Soudan, Natal, Algoa Bay, (Cape of Good Hope,) Fort 
Beaufort, (Cape of Good Hope,) Kafiraria, Loanda, Cape Coast, Gold 
Coast, Bonny river, Onitsha, Fernando Po. 

Indian Ocean. — Mauritius. 

Asia. — Georgia, Circassia, Caucasus, Bagdad, Mosul, Kashan, (Persia,) 
Jaffa, Tarsus, Smyrna, Smyrna, (New Orleans seed,) Latakeea, (Syria.) 

Eastern Europe. — Constantinople, Moldavia, Trebizond, Salonica, 
(New Orleans seed,) Thessaly, Volo, Volo, (New Orleans seed,) Serres, 
Mytilene, Aleppo, Enos, Larnica. 

Southern Europe. — Laconia, (Greece,) Patras, (Sea Island seed,) 
Patras, (Egyptian seed,) Patras, (New Orleans seed,) Sassano, Italy, (Sea 
Island seed,) Terra di Otranto, (Siamese seed,) Marcerata, Italy, (New 
Orleans seed,) Catania, Sicily, (Nankeen,) Naples, (Sea Island seed,) 
Valencia, Malta. 

Northern Africa. — Egypt, Egypt, (New Orleans seed,) Algiers, 
Bona, (Algiers,) Eabat, (Morocco,) Mazogan, (Morocco,) Madeira. 

South America.— Lima, (Peru,) Paita, (Peru,) Callao, (Peru,) Taena, 
(Peru,) Bolivia, Paraguasu valley, (Bolivia,) Maranham, Maccio, Per- 
nambuco, Soracoba, (Brazil,) Bio Grande do Sol, Ceara, Suo Paulo, 
(Brazil,) Ecuador, San Luis, Estardo, (Bolivia,) Berbice, Demeraia, 
Venezuela, Costa Rica, Guatemala, New Granada, Paraguay, Rosario, 
(Argentine Confederation,) Buenos Ayres, Salto, Catamania, (Argentine 
Confederation,) Maracaibo, Salvador, Honduras, Yucatan, (Mexico.) 

West Indies. — Jamaica, Cuban- Vine, (Jamaica,) Jamaica, (Sea 
Island seed,) St. Kitts,. Trinidad, St. Thomas, Tortola, St. Bartholomew, 
Dominica, Tobago, Porto Pico, Bahamas, Antigua, Turk's Island, St. 
Domingo. 

United States of America.— Sea islands, New Orleans, Mobile, 
Uplands. 

Also samples of 12 kinds of cotton seed. 



SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT, 



CHAPTER I. 

THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CUL- 
TURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Repeal of the cotton tax and its effect— The planting in 1868— Estimated 
crop of 1868-69 and its consequences— Deficiency in the cotton supply — 
The future product— Past accumulation — Present and future increase of 
wealth in the cotton states — opportunity for cotton-spinning— want of 
laborers — large plantations must give place to small cotton farms — res- 
toration of worn-out soils — the south carolina phosphates — improvements 
— Selection of seed, etc. 

THE CHANGE SINCE 18G7. 

Since the first part of this report was prepared, in the summer of 1867, 
nearly eighteen months have passed, which cover one of the most inter- 
esting and instructive periods in the history of the culture of cotton in 
America. 

For a better comprehension of the important facts, and the lesson 
which they convey, it is well to recur briefly to some points set forth in 
that first report, which, having stated the unfavorable circumstances 
attending the cotton trade in the latter half of the year 1867, predicted 
a further decline in prices in Liverpool "to or below Id. per pound for 
fair Dhollera, (Surat,) and 9d. per pound for middling New Orleans, which 
last would be equivalent to 20 cents in New York." It also stated that 
this price in New York "would return to the planter only 16 cents on 
the plantation," and that "if the price shall be only 16 cents in New 
York, or 12 cents to the planter, he cannot pay his hired laborers with 
the entire net proceeds." The event gave singular confirmation to the 
anticipations thus expressed. Under the depressing influences then in 
force, cotton declined in price until December, 1867, when fair Dhol- 
lera was sold in Liverpool at 5%d., and middling New Orleans was sold 
there at 7§<i, and in New York at 16 cents per pound. The first half of 
the cotton crop of the United States for 1867-'6S was sold by the planters 
for less than its cost of production. 

The crop of that year was much less in its yield per acre than the 
average of crops before the war. In the southwest it was reduced by 
spring overflows and other disasters, while labor was engaged at high 
prices for inefficient and irregular service in the greater part of the cot- 
ton-growing region. The relation of employer and employed had not 
2 c 



10 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

found its proper adjustment. Thus it happened that the second of the 
free-labor crops of cotton was deficient in yield for the area cultivated, 
and was a very costly one to the producer ; yet, up to the middle of Jan- 
uary, 1808, it was selling, as above stated, for less than the average cost 
of it.s production. Then it was subject to the internal revenue tax of 2 £ 
cents per pound ; a burden too great to be borne, when cotton was sell- 
ing at 10 to 13 cents, tax paid. 

The production of a good crop of cotton requires the effectual prepara- 
tion of the land during the fall and winter by cleaning, fencing, plough- 
ing, &c. The beginning of this work may not be deferred beyond Jan- 
uary; yet, just then everything seemed to conspire together for the dis- 
couragement of cotton-planting in our country, and to prevent the need- 
ful preparation even for one more crop. No other available productive 
industry offered itself instead, and there was a widespread gloom, almost 
despondency, throughout the south, aggravating the discomforts of the 
poorer people, white and black, who in many districts lacked sufficient 
food and clothing. 

REPEAL OF THE COTTON TAX AND ITS EFFECT. 

It was at this juncture that Congress repealed the cotton tax. The 
expediency and necessity of that legislation had been stated by this com- 
mittee in the first part of their report, and they find eminent satisfaction 
in presenting now a statement of its immediate effects in the develop- 
ment of prosperity and comfort within the cotton-growing States exceed- 
ing the most sanguine expectations. 

It was the turning point. The mistake of continuing that tax would 
have been potent for evil and forbidding the hope of improvement, while 
the act for its repeal was charged with blessings and benefits, operative 
now and for all time, for the people of the south, indeed, but scarcely 
more than for the people of all other sections of the common country. 

It made sure to the former the restoration of their monopoly of the 
cotton supply of the world, and opened the way to a rapid improvement 
in their condition, by the increase of wealth and development of indus- 
trial power and resources beyond precedent, if the opportunities shall 
be reasonably improved. 

It had been argued that the repeal of the tax, as encouraging the cul- 
ture of cotton, would further depress its price in the market. 

It proved otherwise. The price was adjusted in the relations of the 
existing supply and demand. Almost coincident in time with the act of 
repeal, cotton began to improve in market value. This occurred early 
in January, and before the end of April middling New Orleans cotton was 
worth 33 cents in New York and VShd. in Liverpool, an advance from 
December of nearly 100 per cent. 

THE PLANTING IN 18G8. 

Meanwhile the preparation for planting was going on under the 
renewed encouragements given by these changes of law and of market. 



COTTON. 1 1 

Before the war, the general custom of planters was to obtain from 
their factors or bankers, usually the former, an advance of money, 
enough to obtain the year's supplies and cover the probable expenses of 
making the crop, to be repaid upon sale of the cotton. 

The destruction of property and the losses by the war in the south 
had impoverished the people, and disabled, to a great extent, the whole 
body of planters. Two years of experiment in planting under a new 
system of labor, and mainly upon money borrowed under pledge of the 
crop or plantation, or both, had resulted in the exhaustion of credit as 
well as capital. Planters without money ; factors and bankers unable 
or unwilling any longer to supply it ; and laborers needing employment 
to obtain supplies of the necessaries of life : such was the position in 
January when work began for planting the crop of 1868-69. 

One other material fact, bearing upon the position of American cotton- 
planting as it stood in January, 1868, should be mentioned here. 

The adversities of the two years preceding had fallen upon both 
planters and hired laborers, and had not been without their uses. The 
freedmen had learned that liberty did not carry the right to be idle or 
unfaithful, and that the coveted citizenship had its duties as well as its 
privileges; while the planters had been learning that the almost univer- 
sal opinion expressed in the phrase "the negro will not work" (as a 
freeman) was a mistake, and that it was practicable to make a cotton 
crop with free labor if only the proper understanding could be estab- 
lished. Interference had in a good degree ceased, and the two parties 
specially interested came together under a common interest, which to 
one, if not both, was as imperative as necessity. Here was the begin- 
ning of the practical recognition of the true relations of labor and capi- 
tal, which only need to be fully and intelligently applied throughout the 
south, among both races, and guided by an enlightened sense of public 
and private justice, to secure to the southern States the full benefit of 
the superior climate, soil, and mineral and other resources with which 
they have been endowed by nature. These, rightly used, will bring 
increase of population, wealth, education, refinement ; and these again 
will develop a strength and power impossible under the system which 
was displaced for this better one, the first fruits of which are now to be 
considered. 

The sanguine hopes which attended the planting of 1866 and 1867 
were all gone when the work of preparation became necessary in Janu- 
ary 1868. There was the one encouragement given by the act of Congress, 
that whatever cotton should be produced after 1867 would be exempt 
from all direct tax. Planters could not repeat the offers of high wages 
current in the previous two years. Yet the lesser wages and shares of 
crop which they did offer were more readily accepted and better earned 
by their hired people than the greater wages of those previous years. 
As the planting progressed, the remark came from all quarters: "The 
freedmen are working well." 



12 . PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

It is to be assumed that the area of land put under preparation for 
cotton under the discouraging circumstances which have been described, 
was less than would have been planted by the same persons under more 
favorable conditions, and far less than the labor of the country was 
capable of working well. However, the price of cotton continued to 
advance up to May, and doubtless the better promise of the future value 
thus given co-operated with the increased strength derived from the 
higher prices at which the last third of the crop of 1867-'68 was sold to 
extend the planting to a late period in the spring. 

Late planted cotton is exposed to injuries from caterpillar, early frost, 
&c, which are escaped by the early planted portion by reason of its 
more mature condition. In the States east of the Alabama river the 
season has been unfavorable compared with that of 18C7, and the crop 
promises to fall short of the crop of that year by 20 per cent. In the 
southwest, on the contrary, the season has been more propitious, and 
the promise is of a material increase upon the preceding crop. 

THE ESTIMATED CROP 1868-'69 — ITS CONSEQUENCES. 

The total culture of cotton from the planting of 1868 (crop of 1868-'69) 
is estimated at 2,300,000 to 2,700,000 bales. Taken at the mean, say 
2,500,000 bales, and at the average value in southern markets now, Jan- 
uary 1, 1809, the crop is worth $270,000,000, and the people of the States 
producing it can sell from it to the value of more than $260,000,000, after 
supplying their own wants, (say 90,000 bales.) Further, appropriate for 
use in the northern and western States, 950,000 bales, worth $100,000,000, 
making a total of 1,040,000 bales retained for home use, and there would 
remain for export to foreign countries 1,450,000 bales, of currency 
value exceeding $155,000,000, sufficient to supply, at gold rates, about 
$115,000,000 value in foreign exchange. If to this extraordinary result 
be added the value of the sugar, rice, tobacco, hides, wool, naval stores 
and other saleable productions of the cotton- growing States, besides 
food crops more than enough for subsistence, and the whole be consid- 
ered as the product of the industry of a people so enfeebled, poor, and 
disheartened only a twelve month ago, it seems marvellous indeed. And 
this result has been achieved by the agricultural people of the south 
relying upon their own resources, and incurring very little debt outside 
the plantation. 

The agricultural interest of the south has won its independence. It 
matters not how the proceeds of all these crops shall be divided between 
the landholder and the laborer, (except as to the wisdom of future use,) 
so that there shall be this actual addition of wealth or buying power 
that is represented in the value of productions sold above the amount 
paid for articles consumed. This excess is profit, and this profit is here- 
after to be reckoned by hundreds of millions of dollars annually. 



COTTON. 



13 



THE EUTUBE PBODUCTION OF COTTON. 

PRESENT DEFICIENCY IN COTTON SUPPLIES. 

The fact stands clearly demonstrated that the supply of cotton is not 
equal to the wants of the world. During the year ending September 30, 
1868, the consumption of cotton in Europe and America exceeded the 
supplies brought in by about 500,000 bales, which was made good by 
drawing down to that extent the stocks with which the year began. This 
apparent deficiency would have been reduced 100,000 to 200,000 bales 
if the Indian crop had come forward as early as usual. Yet the fact of 
insufficient supply remains. Nor can the probable supply of the year 
ending September 30, 1869, be enough to prevent a similar, though, per- 
haps, smaller demand upon the already reduced reserves, if consump- 
tion shall go on at the rate of the year past. The reserves, or stocks in 
mills and markets with which the year began, (October 1, 1868,) were 
too small to bear another such draft upon them as was made by the 
deficiency of last year. 

It follows that consumption must be checked, and probably by the 
force of high prices resulting from the competition to secure the larger 
and better portion of the cotton in market. 

The American crop of 1868-'69 is moving off at the high prices thus 
secured. The circumstances attending the planting of the crop of 
1869- 7 70 are in many respects quite the opposite of those of last year. 
There is every inducement to plant as much cotton as possible, and 
money is abundant from the proceeds of the crop now selling. Should 
the season be favorable, a considerable increase upon the yield of 1868 is 
to be expected. The check to be given to the consumption of cotton by 
its scarcity and high price this- season, must reduce the supply of cotton 
fabrics in market, and thus induce a larger demand in the ensuing 
season. It may well be that, under the present very high prices, the 
production of cotton in all the world during the present year will over- 
run the consumption for a time ; if so, a fall of prices will soon enlarge 
the latter, because cheap goods extend the markets for them. Of the 
present crop only about 1,250,000 bales (1,000,000 of the receipts at 
ports, and 250,000 bales by inland routes to the mills) have been sold 
by the growers, (January 1,1869;) and it is already announced that they 
hold the remainder free of debt, and are seeking investments for their 
money. In proof of this, attention has been called to the recent con- 
siderable advance in the value of the shares in all the active and divi- 
dend-paying railroads, manufactories, and banks. One of the leading- 
cotton brokers of New York, in his circular for Europe, after noticing the 
facts above referred to,, says : " WebelieA^e, also, that hereafter planters 
will market their own crops, early or late, as may appear to them most 
advantageous for their own interest. Their ability to do so is much 
greater now than before the war. Manchester spinners win do well to 
make a note of this." 



14 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

THE PLANTING FOR THE CROP OF lS69-'70 AND THE FUTURE. 

Inducements to large planting will open employment to every person 
able and willing to work, and may renew a hurtful competition for labor, 
leading to excessive wages. All this, however, must be left to adjust 
itself under the operation of demand and supply, and further results 
will complete the imperfect demonstration of the past year, that cotton- 
growing by labor left free to assert its own price, and not burdened by 
unwise imposts, is cheaper and more profitable to the individual planter 
than planting by slave labor could be under its most favorable circum- 
stances, while the community will gain in wealth, and the best uses of 
wealth beyond anything conceived by men of the past generations. 
Other countries producing cotton will also enlarge their several contri- 
butions towards the commercial supply under these high prices and 
demand. 

At some time, probably not distant, production so stimulated will 
outrun consumption, and leave a surplus beyond the want of the year 
large enough to depress prices extremely. Following the natural law, 
this must lead to a larger consumption and a reduced production. 

Cotton culture will be most reduced, or cease altogether, in those 
countries where it has been introduced or sustained only by "war 
prices," and will be continued, or even increased, where most favored 
by natural advantages. In that competition our country has everything 
in its favor. The strength now accumulating will sustain our cotton 
production through the period of depression, and show its practical 
monopoly re-established for supplying cotton adequate to the wants of 
the commercial world. It may be, again, that prices, wmich will be fairly 
remunerative here, will be too low to sustain the cotton culture of less 
favored countries in comparison with other pursuits. 

It was written of the southern States in 1861 r 1 " The present capacity 
of labor applicable to cotton-growing and the land now open are equal 
to the annual production of 5,000,000 bales. Of the rich lauds within 
the borders of the cotton States, not one-fourth have yet been cultivated. 
They can be made to yield any supply of cotton that the consumption 
of the world shall demand, up to 20,000,000 bales, of 500 pounds each, 
annually. Nor will labor be wanting adequate to any progressive 
increase of demand for cotton. Five years ago it was held to be impos- 
sible to obtain labor to handle and pick a crop of 1,000,000 bales, yet last 
year a crop of 1,075,000 bales was prepared and marketed. Labor is now 
more effective than it was twenty years ago. * * * Such are the 
improvements, relieving human with brute labor, substituting the mule 
and plough for the man and hoe in field work, and in better implements 
and processes, that the produce of one man's labor is nearly equal to 
that of three men twenty years ago; his labor is more easily performed, 
and the planter feeds, clothes, and insures but one instead of three. 

1 By the writer of this report. 



COTTON. 15 

The crop in the field is more even in growth and in the opening of the 
bolls, so that each hand can pick much more in a given time than for- 
merly. The produce per acre has increased everywhere — in the fertile 
lands of Mississippi, and in the worn lands of Georgia and the Caroliuas ; 
the latter by use of fertilizers and more thorough working of the land. 
Nor has improvement ceased. It will continue as well in the manual 
operations and application of better husbandry and more fertilizers to 
the soil as in more skill aud more intelligence in the laborers of each 
successive generation, and all more systematized. * * * This being 
the position of cotton-planting in the United States, having all the con- 
ditions necessary to success — climate, cheap labor, ready access to mar- 
ket, and ability to sustain itself at six cents per pound — what part of 
the world can offer to compete with them ? 

" Suppose a succession of unfavorable seasons, or other contingency, 
shall cut down the American supply, and prices so advanced as to 
encourage cottonqdanting in various other quarters; these, aided by 
high prices, prosper a few years and contribute sensibly in aid of the 
supply from India and the United States. The latter, also enjoying the 
high prices, extend the culture ; good seasons ensue ; they make large 
crops — 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 bales. Suddenly the world is overstocked — 
has on hand a stock for a year or two in advance. Inevitably, prices 
would fall to a range ruinously low — not enough to pay the cost of prep- 
aration for market aud freights from distant points. The United States 
planters would still go on and wait for a turn of prices in their favor. 
But the planting elsewhere would die out as it has before, except where 
sustained by a local market, as in India and China." 

True as was the statement of our superior natural advantages for cot- 
ton-growing in 1861, it is in a higher degree true now, with this remark- 
able difference: that in passing that " other contingency," which "cut 
down the American supply and advanced prices so as to encourage cot- 
ton-planting in various other quarters," another and cheaper labor sys- 
tem has been substituted. 

PAST ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH FROM THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON. 

During the ten years 1851-1860, the crops produced in the cotton- 
growing States, (cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, &c.,) not consumed at home, 
left a surplus of proceeds from sales amounting to about $1,200,000,000, 
an average of $120,000,000 per year, which, less the amount required to 
be expended beyond their borders for the comforts or luxuries of life, 
should have been so much added to the reproductive capital within 
those States. If one-half only was thus required, the other half, or 
$60,000,000 per year, should have been put to profitable use. 

Throughout the southern States some internal improvement was in 
progress, chiefly in the form of railroads. In some States, as in Geor- 
gia, these works had been largely extended. Cheaply built and econom- 
ically operated, they generally proved to be profitable investments, eapa- 



16 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

ble of rapidly repaying the loans incurred for their construction, which 
in many cases covered a great part of the cost. 

A large amount of banking capital was well employed, but this, when 
not owned abroad, was chiefly the product of the commissions and other 
charges upon the produce of the country, and not to any considerable 
extent drawn from the accumlating capital of planters. 

The capital which had built the few cotton and other factories and the 
machine shops had also accrued chiefly from charges upon the produc- 
tions of the country. What, then, was done with the $G0,000,000, or 
whatever other sum represented the true annual gains of agriculture in 
these States ? The statistics of population show pretty clearly that a 
great part of it was expended in importing slaves from other States. 1 

PRESENT AND FUTURE INCREASE OP WEALTH IN THE COTTON STATES. 

When considering this subject in its economical aspect only, special 
effects bearing upon individuals or classes are to be disregarded for the 
general results affecting the whole community. 

Population is wealth. Money sent from Alabama to Yirginia to 
increase the laboring power of Alabama, even by importing slaves at 
•$2,000 each, added in some degree to the wealth of that State. But if 
laborers of equal productive power could have been introduced without 
expending anything for them, the capital expended in the other case 
would have been saved, and the community would have gained its use 
in some other form of productive power, as in tools, machinery, or ani- 
mal labor, with which to supplement and increase the value of manual 
labor. To the whole people, or the State, that is just the difference, in 
the investment, between importing a slave and importing a free laborer 
of equal capacity. There are other differences to the State, scarcely less 
important in an economical view, all in favor of the free laborer. What- 
ever the cotton-producing States expended for slaves above the cost of 
importing an equal amount of free-labor power was twice lost to the 
community. 3 

Reckoning the slaves in the cotton States prior to 18G1 at 3,000,000 in 
number, of the average nominal value of $500, equal to 1,000,000 full 
hands, at $1,500 each, we had an investment of $1,500,000,000; and to 
replenish this force a large sum, much needed for other uses, was annu- 
ally drawn from the gains of those States. 

If, in 1860, the people, by unanimous consent, had declared the eman- 
cipation of all those slaves, whether with or without compensation to 
those who had owned their service, there would have been neither loss 
nor gain to the community, except as the change might increase or 
diminish the efficiency of labor or the cost of its maintenance. There 
would have been no "annihilation of property," for the whole labor 

1 See Atkinson's " Cheap Cotton by Free Labor," page 30, and DeBow's Analysis of the 
Census of 1850, quoted in the former. 

2 See Appendix A, capital invested in the cotton culture. 



COTTON. 1 7 

power would have remained as before, only it would have changed 
owners. 

Precisely so stands the effect of the decree of emancipation, made as 
an act of war, with this difference, however, that the laborers of both 
races were sadly reduced and demoralized by the incidents of the war 
which wrought the change. The same laboring force still exists, with 
the exception mentioned, and except, also, that the sudden and violent 
change in relations between capital and labor render further time and 
experience necessary to make it fully effective. 

While it is indisputably true that free labor is always cheaper than 
slave labor, when each is under its most favorable conditions, the dem- 
onstration of that truth needs more favorable circumstances than were 
found in the years 1866, 1867. The prejudices of those who must use it 
were arrayed against it. Scarcity of food and of other necessaries of 
life followed an exhausting war. The sufferings of the very poor of both 
races were alleviated by government rations and by private beneficence ; 
but planters were compelled to supply all the wants of themselves and 
their laborers, while breadstuffs were at very high prices, and imple- 
ments, farming animals, and their subsistence were equally scarce and 
dear. At first the freeclmen were not disposed to work for hire — 
demanded excessive wages, and after accepting them, too often ren- 
dered poor service. The crops of both cotton and grain failed, more or 
less, in both those years throughout the south. In some cases there was 
failure to fulfil contracts on the part of the employer, from disability or 
other causes, while the " shares of the crop," which had been accepted 
by the freedmen as wholly or in part in lieu of wages, too often resulted 
in "nothing but loss," leaving the freedmen destitute and the planter 
in a condition not much better. 

It was not until 1868, the third season of the free-labor experiment, 
that it became generally successful in its operation and results. Then 
improvement appeared, and the harvest, abundantly supplying the peo- 
ple with cheap food, leaves a surplus stored up for the future. The 
profit arising from the sale of the exportable productions of the same 
season will amount to $250,000,000 ; and a reasonable forecast of the 
future sees a promise of equal gain in some of the succeeding years, the 
increase of quantity compensating for any reduction of price. 

The annual gain, be it $50,000,000 or $250,000,000, is no longer to be 
wasted in the purchase of labor, when as good, or better, will be obtained 
without purchase; yet the capital must be employed and will seek invest- 
ment. For some years very little will be needed in opening fresh lauds, 
of which there is already too much open for the labor applicable to it. 
After meeting the demands of agriculture it will seek other profitable 
uses, as in banking, railroads, manufactures, machine-shops, and the 
other active employments which capital finds for itself. Prominent 
among the improvements, that of reconstructing the levees and reclaim- 
ing the most fertile of cotton and cane lands should be one of the first, 



18 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

and, rightly conducted, one of the most profitable for the employment of 
money. 

OPPORTUNITY POR COTTON SPINNING:. 

Proximity to cotton fields abundance of water power and of building 
materials in healthy localities, as well as of fuel, both wood and coal, 
and cheap labor, not suitable for the field, begging 1 employment, all indi- 
cate the advantages and certainty of rapidly extending works for the 
manufacture of cotton in the cotton-growing States, especially for the 
spinning and export of coarse yarns. 1 

WANT OP LABORERS. , 

JSTow that capital is returning into the cotton States, the great want 
there will be labor, a better use of what they have and more of it, to 
extend their profitable agricultural business, yet carry forward the other 
works which will be required. So far, the prevailing conditions in the 
south have not been attractive to immigrants. Poor crops, dear food, 
destitution of the common laborer, and these evils too often aggravated 
by disorder and violence, were reported during the years 18G6 and 1867. 

The prosperity of 1868 stands in marked contrast to the adversities of 
the two years preceding. A similar prosperity repeated in succeeding 
years until it shall be regarded as the rule and not the exception, sup- 
ported by assurance of peace and safety, will turn the tide of emigration 
freely from the northern States and from Europe to the cotton-growing 
States. During the present year the Pacific railroad will be completed 
and opened, a highway by which the Chinese and other coolies or Asiatic 
laborers may reach the cotton fields of the United States. They are 
industrious, frugal, quiet, and numerous. 

1 The publications of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters con- 
tain some correspondence, from which we select the following statement from South Carolina. 
(See appendix B for an account of the Augusta factory.) 

"Mr. L. D. Child, of Columbia, S. C, presents the following statement of the advan- 
tages which that section of the country offers to cotton manufacturers : 

'"1. Climate. — Requiring but little fuel. Fires necessary only two or three months in 
the year. Good resinous-heart pine wood, cut and corded within one mile of the factory, 
can be procured at only one dollar per cord. Our total cost for fuel for, say, three months in 
the year, is less than one-te th of a cent per pound on manufactures of those months. 

" l 2. Wages. — Land is cheap and we are enabled to give each family of operatives a very 
large garden — large enough to enable them to raise their year's supply of vegetables. 
Wages are consequently low. 

" ' 3. Operatives. — The supply is far greater than the demand. They are frugal and indus- 
trious. Girls are white. Some few of the men are black. 

" ' 4. Freights. — We save the freight on bagging and rope and waste, an important item, as 
we can sell our waste to local paper mills at nearly, if not quite, northern rates. In the sum- 
mer of 1867, freight on one bale of cotton, worth, say, .$80, from Charleston to New York, was 
from $2 to $2 50. On yarn, worth, say, $1 20 per bale, only 60 cents, a difference of 
about 2-J- per cant, on the value. 

" '5. Cot'on. — We purchase of the producer or his agent. The commissions, brokerage, 
and other charges paid by northern mills are therefore avoided. Reclamation easy and 
direct.' " 



COTTON. 19 

The people of the south, who are to be the immediate beneficiaries of 
rapidly increasing wealth, will become large consumers of the produc- 
tions of other States and other countries, and in that capacity will con- 
tribute scarcely less than as producers to the general welfare, the exten- 
sion of trade, and the payment of the national debt. 

LARGE PLANTATIONS MUST GIVE PLACE TO SMALL COTTON FARMS. 

It seems to be conceded in the south that the large plantation system 
must generally be abandoned, in the culture of cotton, for smaller hold- 
ings of land more thoroughly worked under the direction of the pro- 
prietors. This will favor a more general industry, more numerous pro- 
prietary interests requiring personal care, better economies, and a con- 
stantly improving agriculture, which will preserve the fresh lands in good 
fertility and restore those which have been over-cropped. 

In cotton growing as in market gardening, or any other tillage of the 
soil, it pays better to keep a small body of land (just enough for a full 
and fair use of the labor that can be applied to it) under high culture by 
thorough working and the use of fertilizers, than to half cultivate a 
larger area with the same or any adequate force. 

Since the war, experiments made to ascertain how much cotton can be 
produced upon a single acre, have exhibited remarkable and gratifying 
results. When made with " spade culture," stirring the soil deeply and 
often, after enriching it with guano and phosphates, the product has 
been very large. In one case, reported upon what seems to be good 
authority, the product of one acre was four bales, or over 1,600 pounds 
of clean cotton. In past times one bale to the acre has been regarded 
as a fair crop, and two bales a very large one on the very richest lands, 
while half a bale, or about 250 pounds, was for many years a satisfactory 
result in Georgia and the Carolinas, where the lands were badly worn. 
The story of 1,600 pounds seems almost incredible, 1 yet it is no more in 
excess of ordinary products than were some remarkable root crops — ruta- 
bagas and mangel wurtzels— that have been obtained by the same pro- 
cess of spade culture. Improvement by better farming, to get more 
cotton from less land, is practicable, and should be sought as the method 
of true economy, saving in labor, in manure, and all other outlay, yet 
increasing the income. 

RESTORATION OF WORN SOILS— MINERAL AND ORGANIC MANURES. 

The value of the calcareous and phosphatic marls, found in various 
parts of the country, for fertilizing and renovating impoverished soils, 
has long been known. They were freely used in the older portion of the 
cotton-growing States, with beneficial effects. During the few years 

1 " Mr. D bas eyes to observe, and reports exactly what he sees. He tells me that he 

knows several instances where double the usual crops have been made on small patches, and 
one case where a man raised four bales of cotton on one acre of ground, the whole acre culti- 
vated by hand, no mule needed, nor ass either." — Extract from letter. 



20 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

prior to 18G1 some importations were made at the south of various com- 
mercial fertilizers, guanos, ground bones, and certain nitrates, phosphates, 
and superphosphates, some very good and some having very little value. 
The importation and use of these artificial manures had been greatly 
extended just before the war. The really valuable among them, such as 
the true guanos and superphosphates, had a marked effect in the increase 
and better quality of the cotton produced, and this was as apparent on 
the light and much worn lands of the Carolinas and Georgia as upon 
the heavier and fresher lands further west. 

THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHOSPHATES. 

Since the war, a discovery of exceeding value to the agriculture of the 
whole country, and especially to the cotton culture, has been made in 
the "native bone phosphate," vast beds of which have been found lying 
all along the coast of South Carolina and on the Sea Islands; but crop- 
ping out and most easily accessible along the banks of the Ashley and 
Cooper rivers. Eicher in these phosphates than any other natural deposits 
yet discovered, these beds lie just beneath the supersoil, at the very 
doorway into the cotton- growing country. A description of them and 
of the circumstances leading to their discovery will be found in the 
Appendix C, in a letter from Dr. N. A. Pratt, whose researches, aided by 
others, have opened up a treasure whose value cannot now be measured. 

This store of phosphates, thus prepared in nature's laboratory and laid 
up until the day of special need, contains just the chemical properties 
wanted for the cotton plant, and which the cotton seed had been abstract- 
ing from the soil. So long as cotton seed was returned to the soil upon 
which it was grown the deterioration of the land was slow, for the fibre 
of cotton took but little from it. 1 But cotton seed had acquired a com- 
mercial value for the oil to be expressed from it, and for the rich food 
for cattle and sheep, which was found in the "cake" from which the oil 

X S. L. Goodale, esq., secretary of the board of agriculture in Maine, a -writer upon agri- 
cultural chemistry, writes thus : " I can conceive of no reason why cotton culture should 
not be less exhaustive than that of any other agricultural crop with which I am acquainted. 
Look at it ; the product desired is merely cellulose or woody fibre. In this form it possesses 
a market value of, we will say, $100 per acre, but to return to the soil it is of no more manu- 
rial value than so much saw-dust or wood in any other form, consequently it may be exported 
with impunity. Besides this there is a side product of seed which draws heavily upon the 
soil; but this may be utilized and all of value to 'the soil be returned to it. The seed may 
be decorticated, and the oil expressed and sold with no loss of ash constituents from the soil. 
The cake remaining possesses both feeding and manurial value in a high degree. Ground to 
meal and fed in connection with corn-fodder and annual grasses, (if no more permanent 
grasses can be grown with improved management, ) it can be converted into meat and manure, 
and thus fertility be fully maintained or even increased. 

" Phosphatic and alkaline constituents exist in decorticated cotton seed in large proportion. 
Its ash is abundant, being not less than 7 A 01 8 parts in 100, and of this ash 39 per cent, is 
phosphoric acid, chiefly in combination with potassa, a little with magnesia, and a very little 
with lime. Thus a ton of cotton seed cake — that is, of seed with the hulls taken off and the 
oil pressed out contains about 60 pounds of phosphoric acid, which in a soluble form, as 



COTTON. 21 

had been expressed. It could no longer be carted back upon the land 
as a manure. The land, already worn by many years of improvident crop- 
pin g, having this further loss, rapidly failed. Some portion of the needed 
restoring and fertilizing remedies could have been found in the artificial 
superphosphates and guanos of commerce, but these had become almost 
inaccessible. Often badly adulterated, and year by year advancing in 
price as the demand outran the supply of the good articles, while many 
of the planting people had become unable to buy them, except in very 
insufficient quantities, there was a great and urgent need of something 
to replace the cotton seed, and restore to the soil those chief ingredients, 
indispensable to the production of a good cotton crop — phosphoric acid, or 
soluble phosphates. In this emergency came the discovery of those natu- 
ral deposits. 

Already too much space has been given to the effort to report faith- 
fully the condition of the cotton culture of the United States, at the close 
of the year 1868; especially to exhibit the wonderful change from its con- 
dition one year previous, and from all the circumstances to draw a fair 
statement of the promise of the future for this great interest. 

OTHER IMPROVEMENTS — SELECTION OE SEED, ETC. 

It might be useful, did space permit, to notice in detail other move- 
ments in progress for the improvement of cotton culture, prominent 
among which would stand the valuable experiments in "improvement by 
selection of seed" from year to year, always guided by rules which define 
the object sought — in cotton, spinning qualities, such as length, strength, 
fineness, and the cohering together of the fibres; rapid growth and early 
maturity of the plant, and a habit of yielding well. Intelligent men are 
engaged in these efforts in various parts of the south, and of their results 
attained there are good reports from Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas. 
One new kind of cotton, the "Peeler," originating in Mississippi, is already 
in market, and bears a price 25 or 30 per cent, higher than other green 
seed cotton of the same grade, because of its superior staple. 

phosphate of potash, and with its combined alkali, cannot be deemed worth less than 10 cents 

per pound — I think it should berated higher, but, say $6 00 

"The same cake contains 6£ per cent, of nitrogen, say 130 pounds to the ton, and 
this, rating it at what is paid for it in Peruvian guano, say 17 cents per pound, 
amounts to 22 10 

" So we have as the manurial value of one ton of decorticated cotton seed cake, at 
least 28 10 



" It is well to bear in mind that the larger part of this (when the cake is fed to stock) 
would pass away in the liquid excreta, and unless the urine was absorbed or somehow saved, 
nothing like this value would be realized. In the light of these facts it is easy to see how 
wide a difference may be occasioned by the loss of the seed on the one hand and its use on 
the other." 



CHAPTER II. 

SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF 
COTTON IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER 
COUNTRIES. 

introductory— united states — first cotton planting — prominent incidents 
in Colonial Times— Invention of Cotton Spinning Machinery — First Ex- 
ports — Whitney's Cotton Gin— Comparative Progress of Cotton Consump- 
tion—Sea Island Cotton— Statistics of Cotton Production — British India — 
Egypt — Brazil — West Indies and Guiana — Turkey — Other Countries. 

Cotton, the great commercial staple of modern, times, was a native 
plant in Asia and America, and probably in Africa. 

Herodotus (450 B. C.) describes the clothing of the people of India 
as made of cotton, u the fruit of trees grown like wool but finer than 
the wool of sheep," the earliest mention of cotton that can be found 
except perhaps in the ancient Hindoo writings. 

Cotton cloth, as worn in India and Persia, was mentioned by Strabo 
(A. D. 45) and fifty years later. Pliny wrote of the use of cotton in 
upper Egypt towards Arabia and near the Persian gulf. 1 

In the first or second century of the Christian era cotton and its 
fabrics were first mentioned as articles of trade, when Arab traders 
brought India cottons to the Red sea. 

The culture and manufacture of cotton were introduced into Europe 
as early as the tenth century through Spain by the Moors, who used it 
very extensively and made fine cloths from it. 

It is said that the plant was brought into Italy and cultivated in the 
fourteenth century when cotton was used to some extent in the place of 
silk and flax, and about the sixteenth century raw cotton was taken to 
the Low countries, Great Britain and other parts of Europe, as a mate- 
rial for textile manufactures. 

Its early use in Europe was chiefly in the manufacture of fustians and 
dimities or mixed with flax, a cotton weft with a linen warp, and in all 
forms the consumption of cotton was of small amount until the eigh- 
teenth century. 

It was not until machinery was invented for the manufacture of cot- 
ton that its fabrics could be produced possessing goodness of quality 
and cheapness combiued sufficient to displace the fabrics of linen and 
of wool. 

Upon the discovery of America, cotton was found among the native 
productions of the West India islands, Mexico and Central and South 

1 Quoted from Baine's History of Cotton Manufacture. 



COTTON. 23 

America, where the arts of spinning and weaving it were known to the 
aborigines, who made " beautiful cloths," some of which was dyed with 
colors "extremely fine." But in the territory, afterwards that jmrt of 
our republic known as the " cotton-growing States," whence, previous 
to 1861, the commercial world derived nearly all of its grand supply of 
raw cotton, the cotton plant was unknown until A. D. 1621. 

UNITED STATES. 

FIRST COTTON-PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Bancroft, writing of Wyatt's administration in Virginia, says: "The 
first culture of cotton in the United States deserved commemoration. 
This year (1621) the seeds were planted as an experiment, and their 
'plentiful coming up' was, at that early day, a subject of interest in 
America and England." 

"A Declaration of the State of Virginia," a tract published in Lon- 
don, 1620, 1 quaintly says: "Wee rest in great assurance that this 
countrey, [Virginia,] as it is seated neere the midst of the world, 2 
between the extreamities of heate and cold ; so it also participateth of 
the benefits of bothe, and is capable (being assisted with skill and 
industry) of the richest commodities of most parts of the earth." The 
same tract mentions cotton wool and sugar-canes in its enumeration of 
the " natural! commodities dispersed vp and downe the diuers parts of 
the world, * * * all of which may there [in Virginia] also be had in 
abundance with an infinity of othermore." 

The cotton thus early introduced, by seed probably from the Levant 
or the West Indies, no doubt improved in the more favorable climate 
and fertile soil of this country, as all varieties of the annual cotton plant 
have improved upon their original quality, when cultivated here, wher- 
ever may have been their origin. Yet its cultivation was for a long time 
limited to gardens or small patches for domestic use. It was distributed 
northwardly, for we find traces of its culture afterwards in Maryland, 
Delaware, Pennsylvania, and even in New Jersey, down to the period 
of the revolutionary war, when it is recorded, the home-grown cotton 
near Pennsylvania was sufficient for their domestic wants. Then, how- 
ever, the people were clad chiefly with linen and woollen fabrics, and 
very little cotton was required. A list of articles "growing or to be 
had in the [Virginia] collony" in 1621 and giving the valuation of each, 
includes cotton wool, Sd. per pound, and flax at about 3d or 26 shillings 
per cwt. 

Although the experiment of cotton-planting in Virginia was success- 
ful, it was not followed by an increased culture beyond domestic wants. 
Explanation is found in the greater profit of tobacco-growing in that 
colony where labor was scarce and dear, so that the cost of hand-clean- 

1 Force's Collection, vol. 3, p., 4. 

2 Virginia seems to have a prior title to the position claimed for Boston by The Autocrat. 



24 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

ing, or separation of the seed by hand, before a gin had been invented, 
exceeded the commercial value of the cotton so cleaned. 

PROMINENT INCIDENTS IN COLONIAL TIMES. 

To encourage ship-building and textile manufactures at the same time? 
the general court of Connecticut, in 1G40, ordered " that a trade in cotton 
wooll be set upon and attempted." A vessel was built and sent upon 
her voyage ; and later, the several towns were required to take each its 
share of the cotton wool so imported, the share of Hartford being £200 
worth. 

In 1G41, the general court of Massachusetts, in apprehension of a 
scarcity of clothing for the ensuing winter, offered premiums for linen, 
and, as a present means of supply, "till cotton may bee had," directed 
the use of wild hemp. 

In 1708-'15, the importation of cotton was continued in small quanti- 
ties by the northern colonies, chiefly from Barbadoes, but some also from 
Smyrna and other places where trade extended. , 

The cultivation of cotton was early introduced also into the Carolinas 
and Georgia, and into the French colony of Louisiana ; yet a half century 
elapsed before its culture was so extended as to find mention as an arti- 
cle of importance in the chronicles of the day, and then after many 
importations of seed from various countries and renewed attempts to 
extend the cultivation. 

Cotton seed was brought into Carolina by Mr. Peter Purry, who settled 
a colony of Swiss near Purrysburg in 1733, and who, in his description 
of Carolina in 1731, says: "Flax and cotton thrive admirably," from 
which it is evident that some kind of cotton had preceded his own 
planting. 

About the same date (1731) it was planted in Georgia from seed sent 
to the trustees by Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England. In the collection 
of the Georgia Historical Society we find mention of cotton several times 
in the early papers concerning that colony. In " A new and accurate 
account of the provinces of South Carolina and Georgia," a tract ascribed 
to General Oglethorpe, London, 1733, and in "A Voyage to Georgia, 
began in the year 1735," by Francis Moore, London, 1744, cotton was 
mentioned as having been introduced ; and in 1741 1 a sample of Georgia 
cotton was taken to England. The deposition of Samuel Auspourguer, 
a Swiss who had been living in Georgia, was taken for the use of the 
trustees of the Georgia grant, in London, 1739, in the controversy about 
the introduction of slaves, which had been disapproved by Oglethorpe 
and some others of the company, and opposed by the Highlanders (Scotch) 
and Saltzburgers, who had been settled in Georgia. This deponent 
said, 2 "that the climate of Georgia is very healthy; * * * that the 
climate and soil is very fit for raising silk, wine and cotton; * * and 

Collection of Georgia Historical Society, I, 164. 
2 Collection of Georgia Historical Society, I, 191. 



COTTON. 25 

that the cotton, by this deponent's own experience, who has planted 
the same there, grows very well in Georgia. A specimen of this cotton 
this deponent brought over with him and produced before the trustees. 
All which produces, this deponent saith, can be raised by white persons 
without the use of negroes." 

In Louisiana, in the year 1742, M. Dubreuil, a French planter of skill 
and enterprise, invented a machine for separating the seed from the fibre. 
It is to be inferred that the culture of this plant had become somewhat 
extensive to call thus early for such a machine. It greatly stimulated 
the cotton culture in that colony, imperfect as it was ; probably only an 
adjustment of rollers, like another contrivance by Crebs, of Florida, in 
1772, which was the best machine for cleaning cotton until the invention 
of the saw-gin by Whitney. 

Previous to these primitive instruments cotton fibre was detached from 
the seed by the tedious process of picking with the fingers, the evening- 
task of many members of the household in the early days of cotton grow- 
ing. The bow-string, in its use, intermediate between the fingers and 
the primitive gins, and used for beating up as well as cleaning the cot- 
ton, was borrowed from India, where it was used in ancient times; and 
having been first introduced into Georgia, gave occasion for the term 
"bowed Georgia," as still applied to cotton in Liverpool, with British 
persistency, although not a pound of bowed Georgia cotton has been in 
that market for fifty years. 

The practiced skill of the people of India had wrought works of mar- 
vellous fineness and delicacy for many ages, spinning their Banga cot- 
ton more finely by hand than any machinery has ever equalled, until 
very recently, and then from the finest Sea Island fibre. But the use of 
cotton in Europe and America was recent, it had increased but slowly, 
and the product was neither fine nor cheap enough to compete with linen 
and woollen goods for common wear. 

The annual value of the cotton manufactures of Great Britain, in 1767, 
was estimated at £600,000/ and then the goods were a compound of linen 
warp and cotton weft. 

INVENTION OF COTTON SPINNING MACHINERY. 

In 1767 Hargreaves invented his " spinning jenny." In 1769 Arkwright 
obtained his first patent for a " spinning frame," though his second patent 
for the complete machine was not taken out until 1775. About 1770 
James Watt obtained his patent for the steam-engine, which was applied 
to machinery in cotton mills in 1785. Thereafter the cotton manufac- 
tures of Great Britain went forward with rapid increase and general 
prosperity. Just when these discoveries in Great Britain called for 
larger supplies of raw cotton, the inventive genius of Whitney gave to, 
the cotton culture in America the saw-gin, which was to be a benefit and 

Maine's History of Manufactures, p. 218. Other authority had stated the amount at 
£200,000 ouly. 

3 C 



26 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

source of power corresponding liere to the great discoveries in mechan- 
ism which had just preceded it in England. Cheap cotton and cheap 
cloth were thenceforward to be supplied to all the world. 

THE FIRST EXPORTS OP COTTON GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES. 

There are some interesting points in the history of American cotton cul- 
ture in the latter half of the eighteenth century worth noting here, if 
oiily as a chronological statement of them, down to the time when the 
magnitude of the cotton production and trade secured for them regular 
annual statistics. 

During the year 1747, several bags of cotton, valued at £3 lis. 5d. per 
bag, were exported from Charleston. Some American writers have 
expressed a doubt if this cotton was of American growth, but English 
writers l mention it as an import of Carolina cotton. 

"Some cotton" is mentioned among the exports of Carolina in 1753, 
and of Charleston in 1757 ; and a London publication inl7G2 says, " What 
cotton and silk both the Carolinas send us is excellent, and calls aloud 
for the encouragement of its cultivation in a place well adapted to raise 
both." 2 

In 1753 a liberal citizen of Delaware offered premiums for the promo- 
tion of industry, among them one of "£4 for the most and best cotton off 
an acre." 

In 1770 there were shipped to Liverpool three bales from New York 
four from Virginia and Maryland, and three barrels full from North 
Carolina. 

The assembly of the province of Virginia, on the 27th March, 1775, in 
view of the changing relations with Great Britain, adopted a plan for 
the encouragement of arts and manufactures, including resolutions of 
non-importation ; and "that all persons having proper land ought to cul- 
tivate and raise a quantity of hemp, flax, and cotton, not only for the use 
of his own family, but to spare to others on moderate terms." The 
planting of cotton had been recommended in the previous January by 
the first provisional Congress held in South Carolina. 

In 1784, about 14 bales of American cotton were shipped to England 
of which eight bales were seized in Liverpool as improperly entered, on 
the ground that so much cotton could not have been produced in the 
United States ; and this was more than 150 years after the first importa- 
tion to England of cotton grown in the same country. Thus slow was 
the progress of this culture. Just at the close of the eighteenth century 
was the beginning of the export trade which in the next GO years was to 
grow to proportions so large in quantity and value, and so important in 
the trade of the world, as to involve the welfare of nations in its fate. 

In 1785 five bags of cotton arrived at Liverpool from America. 

1 Cotton ; an account of its culture in the Bombay Presidency, by W. R. Cassels, London, 
p. 5, and others. 

- Quoted in Bishop's History of American Manufactures, in which work many references 
and citations were found which have been useful in the preparation of this chapter. 



COTTON. 



27 



During the next five years the imports there of American cotton were, 
in 1786, 900 pounds; 1787, 16,350 pounds; 1788, 58,500 pounds; 1789, 
127,500 pounds; and 1790, 14,000 pounds. 

Upland cotton in 1788 was worth 2s. 2d. per pound, and only lOd. in 
1790. This may account for the small shipments of American cotton in 
the latter year. It was probably of poorer staple than the upland of the 
present day. 

EFFECT OF WHITNEY'S INVENTION OF THE SAW-GIN. 

In 1794, the year after the completion of Whitney's saw-gin, the 
exports of the United States rose to 1,600,000 pounds, and to 5,250,000 
pounds the next year. In 1805, ten years later, the exports had increased 
to 40,383,000 pounds. 

COMPARATIVE PROGRESS OF BRITISH COTTON CONSUMPTION AND 
AMERICAN COTTON PRODUCTION. 

The following table from Baine's History exhibits the quantities of 
cotton of all growths imported, exported, and retained for home con- 
sumption in Great Britain for each of seven years near the middle of 
the last century : 

Imports and exports of cotton in Great Britain from 1743 to 1749. 



Years. 


Imported. 


Exported. 


Retained for home 
consumption. 


1743 . 


Pounds. 
1, 132, 288 
1, 882, 873 
1, 469, 523 
2, 264, 808 
2, 224, 869 
4, 852, 966 
1, 658, 365 


Pounds. 
40, 870 

182, 765 
73, 172 
73, 279 
29, 438 

291,717 . 

330, 998 


Pounds. 

1,091,418 


1744 


1,700,108 


1745 


1, 369, 351 


1746... 


2, 191, 529 


1747.. . 


2, 195, 431 


1748 


4, 561, 249 


1749 


1, 327, 367 







From this table it appears that the average annual consumption of 
cotton in Great Britain for the seven years, 1743 to 1749, was 2,062,350 
pounds ; for the seven years 1794 to 1800, it was 32,543,C00 pounds ; and 
for the seven years 1844 to 1850, 555,000,000 pounds ; an increase of six- 
teen fold in each fifty years. 

The average annual production of cotton in the United States for the 
same period was, for the seven years 1743 to 1749, not enough for the 
home consumption of the colonies; as contributing to foreign com- 
merce it was nothing; for the seven years 1794 to 1800 it was, as esti- 
mated, 30,000,000 pounds; and for the seven years 1844 to 1850 it was, 
981,500,000 pounds ; a thirty-two fold increase in each 50 years. 

SEA ISLAND COTTON. 

About the year 1786 the sea island or black seed cotton was intro- 
duced, it is said, from the Bahamas. During the revolutionary war, or 



28 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

soon after, Kinsey Borden, of South Carolina, invented, or applied 
another's invention of a roller-gin, " composed of pieces of gun-barrels 
fixed in wooden rollers, turned by cranks," requiring two persons to use 
the machine, one to turn it and the other to feed in the seed cotton. 
His wife was said to have made the first attempt to grow the Sea Island 
cotton. But Mr. Seabrook says 1 that W. Elliott, on Hilton Head, was 
the first to grow a successful crop from five and a half bushels of seed 
purchased in Charleston, at 14 shillings per bushel. The price of Sea 
Island cotton was then lOd. to 2s. or 3s. per pound, according to cpiality. 
It was much improved afterwards by selection of seed and good culture, 
and its later value was 90 cents to $1 25 per pound. 

COTTON CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES POM 1791 TO 1867. 

In 1791 the cotton crop in the United States was 2,000,000 pounds, of 
which three-fourths was grown in South Carolina and one-fourth in 
Georgia. Exports, 189,500 pounds, worth 26 cents, average. 

In 1795 Frederick Alrny wrote to his partner, Samuel Slater, the leader 
of cotton maunfacturers in America, that Georgia cotton of good quality 
was offered him in New York at one shilling sixpence per pound. Cot- 
ton was then still imported. The import for the year was 4,107,000 
pounds, and the export was 6,276,000 pounds. 

In 1801 the cotton crop of the United States was 48,000,000 pounds, 
of which were contributed by South Carolina, 20,000,000; Georgia, 
10,000,000; Virginia, 5,000,000; North Carolina, 4,000,000; Tennessee, 
1,000,000 pounds. Export 2 20,000,000 pounds. 

1 Bishop's History of American Manufactures. 

2 Prior to ]802 the tables of exports of cotton at the custom-house did not distinguish 
home-grown from foreign cotton. There were no full and reliable statistics, either com- 
mercial or official, of the cotton production and trade down to about ]825. " Woodbury's 
Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture, and Trade in Cotton," being a report of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, March 4, 1836, (House Doc. J 46, 24th Congress, first session,) 
purports to array together all statistics then obtainable in regard to cotton. That report con- 
tains a great deal that is valuable, but some parts are inaccurate and adopted without due 
consideration. 

For instance, Woodbury's tables thus state the facts for the year 1801. Table A sets down 

the production of the world in pounds : 

Pounds. 

•In the United States 48,000,000 

In Brazil 36,000,000 

In the West Indies 10,000,000 

In the rest of Africa, (excluding Egypt) 45,000,000 

In India 160,000,000 

In the rest of Asia 160,000,000 

In Mexico and South America, (excluding Brazil) 56, 000, 000 

Elsewhere 15,000,000 

These items make a total of 530,000,000 



He calls it 520,000,000 pounds, of which Great Britain that year imported only 56,000,000 
pounds. Table C (Woodbury) says the price of American cotton in 1801 averaged 44 cents 



COTTON. 29 

1805. Export, 38,400,000. 

1806. Mexican cotton seeds introduced to Mississippi by Walter Bur- 
ling, of Natchez, and supposed to have improved the character of cotton 
there grown. 

1813. During the war, export, 19,400,000 pounds; price at home, 12 
cents ; in England, 16$. to 26d. Of the cotton exported during the war, 
a considerable portion went in neutral vessels to Bremen and other 
neutral ports, whence doubtless it found its way to England. 

1821. Crop, 180,000,000 pounds ; exports, 124,000,000 pounds, price 16 
cents here, in Liverpool 9 %d. 

1822. Crop, 210,000,000 pounds. Exports, 144,700,000 pounds j price, 
16£ cents here; in Liverpool, 8%d. to lOd. First cotton from Egypt 
received in Liverpool this year. Cotton culture began in Texas. 

1825. Crop, 255,000,000 pounds. Exports, 176,500,000 pounds. The 
prospects of the crop were very unfavorable, following a deficient crop 
in 1824. The price advanced from 15 cents here and 8d. in Liverpool, at 
close of last season to 25 cents here and ll^d. in Liverpool. Consump- 
tion was reduced. There was no killing frost in the cotton States that 
winter, and some cotton plants " rattooned" (sprouted from old roots) 
the next spring. The late bolls were opening and picking continued all 
winter. The reduction of use and the unexpected increase of supply 
reversed the position, prices fell fast and far, involving many merchants 
in ruin. Cotton costing 25 cents in Charleston was sold in Liverpool 
after a long holding, so as to return to Charleston only six cents per 
pound. The price of " fair upland" remained below 7d. in Liverpool for 
the next seven years. 

The number of cotton spindles in the United States this year was said 
to be 800,000, using 100,000 bales cotton per annum. 

The following table gives complete statistics of the production and 
disposition of the cotton crops of the United States from 1826-'27, down 
to the present time. 

per pound ; and that the whole United States crop was worth $8,000,000. It will be observed 
that 48,000,000 pounds at 44 cents would amount to over $21,000,000. Table B (Woodbury) 
distinguishes the growth of the several States in 1801, as quoted in the text, the total being 
only 40,000,000 pounds, leaving 8,000,000 not located. 

The work referred to is often quoted for statistical purposes, and even the errors above 
indicated have been cited without notice of their inconsistencies. Too large a portion of our 
cotton statistics, down to a recent period, have been taken by estimation. It is much to be 
desired that the Statistical Bureau established at Washington shall prepare and publish, 
periodically, full and reliable statistics concerning all the important branches of business in 
this country, similar to those issued by the British Board of Trade; and it is equally to be 
desired for the credit and business interests of the country that the Agricultural Bureau shall 
issue accurate statistics in place of its estimates of the cotton crop, which, from their sup- 
posed official character, have obtained credence, while erroneous beyond excuse, to the extent 
of about 300,000 bales inthe statement of production of each of the last three crops. 



30 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



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36 PAEIS UNIVEKSAL EXPOSITION. 

DEFECTIVE STATISTICS. 

The animal statements of the cotton crops of the United States, pre- 
pared and published by the New York Shipping List, have for many- 
years been recognized as supplying the standard statistics of cotton in 
this country, by the trade at home and abroad. So long as the entire 
crop (with immaterial exception, after supplying southern consumption) 
was shipped from ports in the cotton-producing States by sea, either 
coastwise or foreign, the method followed by the Shipping List was right 
and attained to very nearly accurate results. 

Before the war, some lines of railway had been completed connecting 
the cotton States with the north, and the western States with the east, 
upon which low rates of freight invited the transportation of cotton 
northward and eastward, especially for the cotton mills of New York and 
New England. This was interrupted by the war, but in 1864-'G5 it was 
resumed, and the inland transportation of cotton will this year probably 
exceed 600,000 bales. The old method of making up the annual state- 
ments is therefore liable to serious errors, and a change has become 
necessary. The preceding table follows very nearly the figures of the 
Shipping List in the amount of the annual crops and their distribution, 
to avoid conflict and preserve conformity with data hitherto recognized 
as correct, (and properly so down to the year 1865-'66.) 

It should be noted that there was no separate account of the cotton 
used in the south (" south of the Potomac and west of Virginia," as 
phrased in the Shipping List) until the season of 1847-'4S. In the crop 
statements, annual quantities as large as 185,000 and 193,000 bales had 
been allotted for use in the south out of the cotton crop supposed to be 
baled and prepared for market. The entire spinning capacity of the 
machinery in the south before the war was never equal to the consump- 
tion of 90,000 bales. Yet the statement may have been nearly correct. 
There was a large use of cotton, both north and south, for other pur- 
poses than spinning; as for mattresses, and various kinds of upholstery. 
Many thousand cotton mattresses for beds were annually made in the 
south, for use there, and for shipment north. Indeed, during the war, 
when the scarcity of cotton became serious and its price advanced to 
$1 50 or more per pound, the contents of mattresses broken up in the 
northern States added materially to the supply of cotton for spinning. 
But since the war, the value of cotton has been too high to permit its 
use for such purposes; hence the error of assigning to the south, as con- 
sumed there, twice as much cotton as all her spinning power can use. 

The weights per bale given in the table are net weights, to correspond 
with the British and other foreign statistics, where the weight is given 
less the tare. The cotton year in the United States ends September 30. 



COTTON. 



37 



BRITISH INDIA. 

CULTURE AND IMPORTS OF COTTON. 

India contributes a supply of cotton next in importance to that from 
the United States. The earliest recorded importation of raw cotton from 
India to England (if not to Europe) was in 1783, when the quantity from 
India was only 114,133 pounds, in a total import from all countries of 
9,735,663 pounds. India had supplied Great Britain with cotton yam 
and cloth long before she furnished a pound of the raw material. 1 

Such was the devotion to and care of the woollen manufacture in Great 
Britain, that great efforts were made, and with much success for a long 
time, to prevent or restrain the importation of calicoes and other Indian 
cotton goods, by excessive duties and vexatious restrictions; and this 
opposition to the trade from India continued for more than a century 
after the organization of the British East India Company. As late as 
the year 1700 an act of Parliament was passed interdicting the further 
importation of Indian goods, and in 1721, because of their continued intro- 
duction by smugglers, another act was passed imposing a penalty of £5 
upon any person wearing such goods. 1 

For many years the import of cotton from India to Great Britain was 
very small, as will appear by the following table : 

Imports of cotton from India to Great Britain. 



1783. . 
1784.. 
1785* . 
1786.. 

1787.. 
1788.. 



Import of all 
growths. 



Pounds. 
9, 735, 663 
11, 482, 083 
18, 400, 384 
19, 475, 020 
23, 250, 268 
20, 467, 436 



Import from 
India. 



Pounds. 
114, 133 
11,440 
99, 455 



1789. 
1790. 
1791. 



Import of all 
growths. 



Pounds. 
32, 576, 023 
31, 447, 605 
28, 706, 675 
56, 010, 732 
56, 004, 305 



ImpoVt from 
India. 



Pounds. 

4,973 

422, 207 

3,351 

6, 629, 822 

4, 098, 256 



* Arkwright's patent expired and Watt's steam-engine was applied in 1785. 

The following table shows the comparative imports of American and 
Indian cottons, and the relative prices of Upland and Surats for the five 
years 1812 to 1816, (quoted from Gassell:) 

Imports of American and Indian cottons. 





Total imports 
into Great 
Britain. 


Imports from 
the United 
States. 


Imports from 
the East In- 
dies. 


Exports of all 
growths. 


Prices. 


Years. 


Upland. 


Surats. 


1812 


63, 025, 936 
50, 966, 000 
60, 060, 239 
99, 306, 343 
93, 920, 055 


26, 000, 000 

(*) 

(*) 
45, 666, 000 
57, 750, 000 


915, 950 

497, 350 

4, 725, 000 

8, 505, 003 

10, 850, 000 


1, 740, 912 
No record. 
6, 282, 437 
6, 780, 392 
7, 105, 034 


13d. to 23id. 
2ld. to 30d. 
23d. to 37 d. 
18d. to 25id. 
I5d. to 21 d. 


12i. to 16d. 


1813 


15id. to Wd. 


1814 


18d. to25<Z. 


1815 


Hid. to 21d. 


1816 


lid. to 18id. 







* War between the United States and Great Britain. 



'Cassell's Cotton Culture iu the Bombay Presidency, p. 2. 



38 



PARIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION. 



Iu another place 1 will be found a full and comprehensive table of the 
statistics of British cotton trade and manufacture from 1816 to 1868, 
inclusive. 

EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION. 

The exports of cotton from India to Europe must not be taken as the 
measure of the production there, in any degree corresponding to the pro- 
portion which our exports to Europe bear to our production. The extent 
of the entire production of India has been much discussed by officials, 
economists, and others, who differ more or less widely in their conclu- 
sions. The usual bases of calculation have been the assumed area of 
land cultivated for cotton; and the population (180,000,000) requiring to 
be clothed almost entirely with cotton, at so many pounds of cotton per 
capita in addition to the known exports. 

The consumption of cotton in India for clothing and other domestic 
uses was estimated by Major General Briggs at 750,000,000 pounds, equal 
to 2,000,000 bales, (of 375 pounds each,) and by Dr. Wight at 3,000,000,000 
pounds, equal to 8,000,000 bales. These may be regarded as the extremes, 
while Dr. Forbes Watson estimated the whole production at 2,432,395,875 
pounds, equal to 6,500,000 bales of 375 pounds each, which he divided 
thus : 

For home consunqition in India . . 2,160,000,000 pounds, 5,760,000 bales. 
For exportation 272,395,875 pounds, 710,000 bales. 

After much discussion Dr. Watson's estimate has been accepted with 
general favor, although Mann, the very careful writer upon cotton sta- 
tistics, says: "I am disposed to think, however, that Dr. Watson's esti- 
mate is rather over than under the mark." 2 

Assuming that Dr. Watson's estimate of the cotton production of India 
in 1858 was correct, when stating it at 2,432,395,875 pounds, and com- 
paring it with the total production of the United States in the same year, 
1,796,454,558 pounds, it appears that India produced (in pounds) 35 per 
cent, more cotton than the United States. 

The exports of cotton from all India and from each presidency, in 
annual averages of quinquennial periods for 24 years down to 1858, are 
stated in the following table, taken from Mann's statistics : 

Exports of cotton from all India. 



1835-'39 
1840-'44 
1845-'49 
1850--54 
1855-'58 



Bombay. 



Pounds. 
91,309,665 
141,802,690 
133, 886, 826 
179, 838, 889 
222,076,713 



Pounds. 
13, 576, 300 
18, 992, 400 
13, 969, 569 
18, 770, 256 
15, 962, 242 



Bengal. 



Poic?ids. 
31, 380, 575 
13, 976, 820 

9, 900, 497 
22, 663, 188 

9, 702, 974 



Total, all India. 



Pounds. 
136, 266, 540 
174, 771, 910 
157, 756, 892 
221,272,333 
247, 741, 929 



See Appendix D. 

2 The Cotton Trade of Great Britain, by James A. Mann, F. S. S., &c, 1860, p. 65. 



COTTON. 
The distribution of these exports was as follows : 



39 



Years. 



Great Britain. 



China and 
other parts. 



Total. 



1835-'39 
1840-'44 
1845-'49 
1850-'54 
1855-'58 



Pounds. 
51, 161, 059 
88, 868, 685 
70, 757, 425 
130, 557, 160 
185, 229, 082 



Pounds. 
85, 105, 481 

85, 903, 225 

86, 999, 467 
90, 715, 173 
62, 512, 847 



Pounds. 
136, 266, 540 
174,771,910 
157, 756, 892 
221, 272, 333 
247, 741, 929 



Bombay supplies a large portion of the exports of cotton from all 
British India, and fortunately the statistical information from that presi- 
dency is quite full. From Bengal and Madras only partial returns have 
been accessible. 

Table of exports of cotton from Bombay, shoicing their distribution, for the 
eleven years 1858 to 1868, inclusive. 



Years. 


a 

'3 

B 
Is 

5 


,3 

o 
O 


o 

If 
jl 

. o 


ts 
m 

<v 

'a 

£3 


China. 


Total bales. 


*3 
a 

o 

ft 

"3 
o 
H 


1858 


Bales. 

324, 675 

564, 886 

469, 611 

931, 077 

923, 140 

945, 454£ 

873, 627 

1, 074, 158 

922, 330 

1, 056, 357 

1, 034, 383 


Bales. 

13, 993 

25, 314 
5,525 

18, 5601 
3, 7571 
2,867 


Bales. 

19, 542 
27, 634 
17, 2571 

8, 4261 

20, 833 
48, 788 
54, 0211 
36, 362 
33, 2051 
71, 374 

145, 736 


Bales. 

3,394 

706 
800 


Bales. 
103, 731 
151, 847 
202,179 
60, 511 
7, 9341 


461, 941 
769, 681 
694, 5721 

1, 018, 575 
955, 665 

1, 000, 5031 
928, 3541 

1, 124, 7211 
960, 155 

1, 175, 967 

1, 239, 784 


177, 847, 285 
297, 866, 547 


1859 


1860 


270, 883, 275 
397, 244, 250 


1861 


1862 


372, 709, 350 


1863 


390, 196, 365 
362, 058, 255 
438,641 385 


1864 




1865 




13, 4011 
4, 6191 
48, 236 
55, 449 


1866 




367, 739, 365 
449,219,394 
477, 597, 488 


1867 




1868 


4,216 





The foregoing table, compiled from, accurate commercial sources, is 
entirely correct, except possibly a small error in the exports of the last 
sixteen days of 1868, which have been taken from telegraphic advices. 
The aggregates are substantially right ; the weights calculated from the 
average net weight of the Bombay cotton in England each year. 

The eleven years embraced in the table include three quite distinct 
periods : The three years (1858-'60) before the secession war had begun 
to influence the cotton trade of the world ; the four years of the war, 
1861-'64, in two of which the export of cotton to China ceased, all of the 
exportable cotton of India being required for the western nations ; and 
China, for many hundred years an importing country, not only stopping 
its importation for the time, but contributing from its own deficient 
product a portion towards making good the greater deficiency in Europe ; 



40 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

and four years, lS65-'68, since the close of the war, a period marked by 
extraordinary fluctuations, the inice for fair Surats at Liverpool falling 
from 21f?., the average of 1864, to 8§&, the average of 18G7, which also 
was the average of the year 1868, and the price at its close. It will be 
observed that the exports from Bombay Lave not fallen off, but have 
rather increased, notwithstanding the comparatively low range of price 
in the average of the last two years. 

The value of cotton exported from Bombay during the two years 1858 
and 1859 was declared below £8,000,000 (eight millions pounds sterling) 
for both years. The value for the two years 1863 and 1864 was more 
than £55,000,000, (fifty-five millions sterling,) and at the selling value 
of the portion which reached Liverpool it was nearly £60,000,000, equal 
to $300,000,000 gold. 

The scarcity of cotton caused by the war compelled the consumption 
of all surplus reserves before the power of high prices and the strenuous 
efforts of governments, companies, and individuals everywhere interested 
had extended the production in other countries to a supply adequate 
even to the greatly reduced consumption. The renewal of production 
in the United States aiding the continued production of other countries 
has relieved the scarcity, but has not yet sufficed to replace the requisite 
reserves ; nor could it supply such an increased consumption as would 
ensue upon a return to former low prices, and is demanded by the 
increase of population and the wants of trade. 

The usual export of cotton from Bombay before the Avar was less than 
700,000 bales per annum. This was not more than 12 per cent, of the 
total production, as the estimates of the latter were stated on a previous 
page. Under the influence of war prices the export has increased 50 to 
60 per cent. At first, in 1861 and 1862, that increase was drawn from 
the existing reserves by stinting the home consumption. But it is 
reasonable to suppose that in later years the excess of former exports 
is the result of increased production stimulated by price and demand, 
facilitated by great extension of railways, and promoted by the inflow 
of an immense amount of money. The increase has probably reached 
its maximum, except as some peculiarly favorable season may enlarge 
the product of a year. The cost of production has been enhanced, and 
notwithstanding the advantages of railway transportation, it is not to 
be expected that India cotton will continue to be exported to Europe 
after its price shall have fallen to 4J/7. per pound for fair Dliollera, as in 
former times, if excess of supply shall bring that about. 

One large crop in the United States, in India, and other countries, 
simultaneously, would present a supply exceeding the present consump- 
tion of the world by more than 1,000,000 bales. Whenever this shall 
occur, and it may soon, the ability of each country to continue the con- 
tribution of its quota of cheap cotton will be tested. 

Much space has been given to the cotton statistics of the Bombay 
presidency, because its cotton constitutes about two-thirds of the whole 



COTTON. 



41 



East Indian supply. The exports from Calcutta (the Bengal cotton) 
were distributed as follows for three years : l 



Years. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


China. 


Total bales. 


Total pounds. 


1865 


Bales. 
159, 487 
337, 030 
235, 510 


Bales. 
3,216 
4,698 
6,314 


Bales. 
87, 568 
69, 702 

191, 041 


250, 271 
411,430 
432, 865 


75, 081, 300 
122, 606, 140 
128, 128, 040 


1866 


1867... 





Without complete and reliable statistics from Madras for recent 
years, an approximation to the exports from that presidency for 
the three years 1865->67 is attained by taking the import of Madras 
cotton to Great Britain and assigning to that a proportion of the 
whole export similar to that from Bengal. (The export from Madras 
for one year corresponds very nearly with the imports into Great Britain 
during the last seven months of that year and five months of the next 
year.) Thus ascertained, the export from Madras to Great Britain 
stands : 

For 1865 175, 000 bales, weighing 52, 500, 000 pounds. 

For 1866 275, 000 bales, weighing 82, 500, 000 pounds. 

For 1867 276, 000 bales, weighing 82, 800, 000 pounds. 

Assuming that the Madras export, other than to Great Britain, (to 
China, &c.,) bears a proportion much less than that from Calcutta and 
Bombay, the total export from the Madras presidency, for 1867, was 
approximately 300,000 bales, equal to 90,000,000 pounds. 

The total export of cotton in the year 1867 from the three presiden- 
cies, besides clothing their 180,000,000 of people, was thus : 





Bales. 


Pounds. 




1, 175, 967 
432, 865 
300, 000 


449, 219, 394 

128, 128, 040 

90, 000, 000 




From Madras, estimated 






1, 908, 832 


667, 347, 434 





COTTON CULTUBE IN EGYPT. 

It has been stated that cotton was grown in Upper Egypt in the time 
of Pliny, but the cultivation had been long discontinued, when, about 
the year 1821, that energetic viceroy, Mehemed Ali, having made some 
successful experiments in cotton planting, began the cultivation on a 
large scale in Upper Egypt. The result was very favorable. The pro- 
duct of the first year was 60 bags ; the second year, 50,000 • the third 
year, 120,000; and in 1824 140,000 bags were obtained. 2 The bags 
varied in weight from 180 to 240 pounds. 

1 See on page 38 a table showing the export of Bengal cotton down to 1858. 

2 Baine's History of Cotton Manufacture, page 306. 
4 c 



42 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Iii 1827 or 1828 a quantity of seed of the Sea Island cotton was planted 
in Egypt, where it flourished, and yields cotton second only to the Ameri- 
can Sea Island. About 1833 or 1834 the cultivation of cotton in Egypt 
fell to an inconsiderable quantity, but was afterwards increased, as 
appears from the table of the quantities exported from Alexandria 
during the ten years 1850-'59 : 

Pounds. Pounds. 



1850 46,059,965 

1851 30,347,338 

1852 66,424,960 

1853 43,885,201 

1854 43,546,500 



1855 56,874,300 

1856 54,419,904 

1857 49, 489, 552 

1858 52,369,408 

1859 49,259,210 



Averaging about 49,000,000 pounds, or 95,000 bales per annum. 

In Egypt, as elsewhere, the American war gave a new and forcible 
impetus to the cotton culture. Unfortunately the exact statistics are not 
at hand. The crops of 1864 and 1865 were very large, say 360,000 and 
340,000 bales respectively. In 1866 and 1867 they fell off to 210,000 and 
225,000 bales. The crop of 1868-'69 is estimated as equal to that of 1865, 
say 340,000 bales of 500 pounds each. 

It seems to be the fact that cotton culture in Egypt has reached its 
highest point, even under high prices, in the present condition of that 
country ; and that with lower prices the production will fall away and 
give place to grain crops. 

BBAZIL. 

The Maranham Company exported the first cotton from Brazil about 
1760. The limited demand for it in Europe appears from this incident : 
A Portuguese merchant, in 1762, bought at the company's sale 300 bags, 
(the wild cotton of the province,) at 300 reis per pound. He sent it to 
Kouen, the only market, but was a loser because of the peace of 1763. 
At the next sale there was no bidder for any large quantity. The direc- 
tors took it at 160 reis, and were also losers. 1 

England first received cotton from Brazil in 1782, although the Dutch 
colony of Surinam had sent cotton to Holland as early as 1735 ; thus 
early making known the quality of South American cotton, its time 
had not then come. Soon after the introduction of Pernambuco cotton 
to Great Britain, the value of its staple was discovered, and as early as 
1825 there was a large import to England of Brazil cotton. 

1 Southey's History of Brazil, quoted in Bishop's American Manufactures. 



COTTON. 



43 



EXPORTS FROM BRAZIL. 



The exports from Brazil from 1840 to 1855 were stated in Mr. Ellison's 
hand book, as follows 



Pounds. 

1840 22,335,520 

1841 22,140,030 

1842 20,466,566 

1843 22,324,718 

1844 26,056,160 

1845 26,446,240 

1846 20,651,040 

1847 19,419,224 



Pounds. 

1848 20,457,116 

1849 27,181,312 

1850 35,498,048 

1851 28,270,080 

1852 28,744,000 

1853 31,933,056 

1854 28, 551, 584 

1855 27,838,720 



While there is no apparent limit to the capacity of Brazil to produce 
cotton on account of soil, climate, or other natural condition, economic 
reasons seem to have fixed an early limit. There was but very little 
increase in the production during the 16 years above stated. The rea- 
son is probably to be found in the greater profit of other crops, especially 
of coffee. During and since the war the cotton culture of Brazil has been 
largely extended. The import to Great Britain alone was in — 



Year. 


Bales. 


Weight per 
bale. 


Pounds. 


1864 


212, 190 
340, 260 
407, 650 
437, 210 
636, 897 


Pounds. 

180 
160 
174 
162 
155 


38 194 200 


1865 


54 441 600 


1866 


70 931 100 


1867 


70, 828, 020 
98 719 035 


1868 







Here was a progressive increase, and the estimate for the crop of 
1868-'69 calls for further increase. It remains to be seen if the exten- 
sion of this culture in Brazil is to be permanent and progressive, irre- 
spective of occasional depressions of price; or if, npon the recurrence of 
a low range of prices, the effect of over supply, cotton will not again 
give place to the more profitable coffee. 

WEST INDIES AND GUIANA. 

At the time of the discovery of these islands by Columbus, the cotton 
plant was cultivated, and large quantities of its fiber were manufac- 
tured by the natives. The early cotton manufacture of England and 
other parts of Europe was supplied chiefly from the West Indian colo- 
nies, and from the Levant. In 1787 Great Britain imported from her 
West Indian colonies 6,600,000 pounds of cotton, or about 38 per cent, of 
the entire import to the United Kingdom. Our own early importations 
of cotton were chiefly from the same source. The quality is generally 
good, especially that produced in Guiana from the black seed, ranking 
nearly with the Egyptian. 



44 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



The successful culture of cotton in the United States, and consequent 
low prices, had caused a great falling off in the "West Indies, where sugar 
became the preferred crop as more profitable. British emancipation next 
occurred, and almost caused the abandonment of cotton culture. The 
diminution is shown in the following table of British imports from the 
West Indian colonies, embracing nearly the whole product for the several 
years. 1 They were from — 

British imports of cotton from the West India colonies. 



The Bahamas. 

Pounds. 
183, 794 
157,118 
925, 751 
257, 507 
8, 532 



1831 
1836 
1841 
1846 
1851 
1856 
1857 
1858 



Demarara. 


Berbice. 


Grenada. 


St. Vincent. 


Barbadoes. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


979, 720 


554, 0S3 


141, 038 


49, 576 


333, 405 


818, 648 


262, 049 


117, 935 


71, 864 


121, 752 


83, 285 


3,154 


61, 776 


49, 622 


99, 032 


275, 901 


113, 638 


9, 335 


53, 382 


380, 248 


157, 596 
210,560 
112, 224 
227, 696 




24, 715 
67, 760 
42, 336 


42, 687 
35, 616 

69, 328 


86, 948 
51 632 






28, 000 




57, 476 


57, 120 


3,472 





1, 113, 392 



In 1809, Great Britain imported from all countries 440,382 bales, of 
which there were from the United States, 160,180 bales ; from Brazil, 
140,927 bales; from the East Indies, 35,764 bales; from the West Indies, 
&c, 103,511 bales. In 1815, the imports by Great Britain were 100,709,146 
pounds; from the United States, 54,407,299 pounds; from the British 
W r est Indies and Guiana, 15,341,197 pounds; from all other sources, 
30,960,650 pounds. 

In 1859, the production of cotton in the British West Indies and Brit- 
ish Guiana had so fallen off that the total import to Great Britain from 
all those possessions was only 6,800 bales, or 592,256 pounds. 

Here, as elsewhere, high prices, the effect of our war, induced a 
rapid restoration of the cotton culture. Nearly all the production of 
those British possessions is exported to Great Britain; therefore there 
will be no material error in taking the British imports as the measure of 
the colonial production for the last three years: 1866,41,193 bales; 1867, 
43,446 bales; 1868, 20,630 bales. The imports from the British West 
Indies in 1864 and 1865 were respectively 59,645 and 131,120 bales; but 
the greater part of these was of cotton from the United States which 
had run the blockade. 

In Turkey, &c, prior to the war, its stint of cotton aud high prices, 
the commercial supply of cotton from Turkey and other countries on the 
Mediterranean (Egypt excepted) was too small to find separate mention 
in the commercial or any general statistics of the cotton trade. 

There, where cotton was first transplanted from the east, its cultiva- 



1 Mann's Cotton Trade of Great Britain, p. 81. 



COTTON. 



45 



tion had long ceased, except for domestic use and as an insignificant 
article of local trade. 

Following the universal rule, there also the culture of cotton was 
quickly extended so as to afford a contribution of some magnitude 
towards the needed supply after 1862. The statistics of that production 
are not accessible to us. The imports of cotton from Turkey, Greece, &c, 
to Great Britain, for the last five years, were 



1867 16,615 bales. 

1868 12,623 bales. 



1864 62,052 bales. 

1865 80,303 bales. 

1866 32,632 bales. 

To these should be added the quantities taken for use in France and 
other portions of the continent of Europe. The rapid decline in the pro- 
duction from 1865 to 1868 will be observed. It indicates a probable 
cessation of the culture for export whenever the United States and other 
countries of abundant and cheap production shall again offer to the com- 
mercial world a full supply of cotton for its wants. 

OTHEE COUNTRIES, AND COMPARATIVE VALUE OF AMERI- 
CAN AND FOREIGN COTTON. 

The leading cotton-producing countries — the United States, the East 
Indies, Egypt, Brazil, the British West Indies, and Guiana, and the 
countries bordering upon the Mediterranean— having been passed in a 
rapid review of their past and present cotton supply, it remains only to 
notice briefly the culture in other countries, extended or called into exist- 
ence by the recent famine and its prices. 

Samples from all these countries, showing the comparative length and 
quality of their respective staples, were exhibited at the Universal Expo- 
sition in a very interesting and well-prepared collection by the Manches- 
ter Cotton Supply Association. Through the courtesy of the officers of 
that association (acknowledged in the first part of our report) a similar 
but even more complete collection of samples was prepared for and 
brought home by the commissioner for cotton who makes this report. 

During the war, and under the influence of high prices, experiments 
were made with both black and green seed wherever cotton planting was 
attempted, with few exceptions — the former of American Sea Island and 
Egyptian, and the green seed principally of New Orleans and other 
superior staples. Australia, the South Pacific islands, South Africa, 
and the west coast of South America produced fine specimens of long- 
stapled (black seed) cotton, vieing in spinning value with the best staples 
from Egypt, Surinam, Pernambuco, &c. Eastern Europe and western 
Asia exhibited specimens of green seed cotton grown from New Orleans 
seed that were much better than the native cotton, and quite equal to 
the upland cotton of the same grade in the United States, as were a few 
of the specimens from India obtained from the same seed. . 

The commissioner is so convinced that cotton culture in most of the 



46 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

places where these experiments were made will cease with the high prices 
that induced them, that he deems it unnecessary to make mention of 
them separately. The samples are all interesting - as displaying evidences 
of what can be done under the power of price or necessity, and useful to 
the people where they were successful in testing the fitness of soil, cli- 
mate, and other conditions for cotton growing. But cotton growing will 
he a leading business permanently only in those countries where it can 
be made more profitable than other pursuits. Where indigo, rice, tobacco, 
sugar, coffee, or breadstuff's will pay better, or will better suit the soil, or 
climate, or the necessities, habits, or other conditions of a people, than 
cotton, the culture of cotton may be temporarily forced by the power of 
high price as well as by the decree of a Pacha, or by the well-directed 
efforts of a resolute, intelligent, and persistent manufacturing people; 
but it will be only temporary, like any other enforced industry attempted 
in defiance of the laws of true economy. x 

Those laws find a parallel and illustration in the laws governing the 
vegetable world. Indian cotton seed brought to the United States (from 
where it is a native to where it is an exotic) will produce a better cotton 
here than in India, tending to longer and better staple continually. On 
the contrary, New Orleans seed planted in India will produce cotton the 
first year nearly equal to its original, but every year of reproduction 
from the same seed will exhibit more and more deterioration until the 
product shall have assimilated to the native Indian cotton. The con- 
ditions of the two countries cause the characteristics of cotton to deter- 
mine in opposite directions ; hence the necessity for frequent renewals 
of good staple seeds in India. It is forcing a temporary deviation from 
nature's course, but always the tendency is to obey the natural law. 

COMPARATIVE VALUES OF AMERICAN AND OTHER KINDS OF COTTON. 

The classification or grading of cotton is not applied uniformly to the 
cotton of all countries, even in Liverpool, where all are found in market. 
" Fair" cotton from any part of the United States is a very high grade, 
almost clear of impurities and defects. It is four grades higher than 
the American " middling," yet the latter is a better grade in point of 
cleanliness than the grade of "fair" in Surats and some other sorts. 

These incongruities make it difficult to convey to any one not familiar 
with the trade and its technicalities a proper idea of the relative value 
of the several kinds of cotton by the quotations of a price list. The 
following arrangement, classing American "middling" with the "fair" 
cotton of other countries, will bring them all nearly to uniformity of 
cleanliness and appearance. Differences of price from a common level 
will then indicate the relative values of all kinds by their merits for 

x See, in the Appendix I, a report from the London Times of the last meeting of the Cotton 
Supply Association. 



COTTON. 



47 



spinning. The prices are those of 
per pound : 



December 30, 1868, at Liverpool, 



Long staple or black seed va 


"ieties. 


Mobile, middling, 




iop 


Sea Island, middling, 


23d 


Upland, middling, 


* 


10%d 


Egyptian, fair, 


U$d 


Smyrna, &c, fair, 




9%d 


Peruvian, fair, 


llJcZ 


Surats, Dharwars, 


fair, 


9f(Z 


Pernamhuco, fair, 


U±d 


Surats, Dhollerahs 


, fair, 


8ftf 


West Indian, fair, 


lid 


Madras, fair, 




8±d 


Green seed varieties. 




Bengal, fair, 




lid 


New Orleans, middling, 


lid 









ANNUAL STATEMENT OE COTTON SUPPLY. 

Annual cotton statistics are made up in the United States to the 31st 
of August, and in Great Britain, and Europe generally, to December 31st. 
To make up tables for both Europe and the United States in which the 
statistics of Europe shall conform in date to our crop statements, the 
account must be taken in Europe about September 30. For the greater 
part of the European statistics of that date we are indebted to the val- 
uable tables of M. Ott-Triimpler, of Zurich. 

SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON. 

Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United 
States for the year 1859-'60. 



Supply and consumption. 


Bales. 


Pounds. 


Bales. 


Pounds. 


Stocks of cotton in ports — 

In Europe September 30, 1859 






750, 000 
150, 000 


315, 750, 000 


In the United States August 31, 1859 






67, 050, 000 




4, 861, 000 

700, 000 
127, 000 
167, 000 


2, 192, 311, 000 

267, 400, 000 
22, 987, 000 
68, 470, 000 




Cotton crop of the United States for the year 
ending August 31, 1860 


900, 000 
5, 855, 000 


382, 800, 000 


Import te Europe for year ending September 30, 
1860— 














2, 551, 168, 000 








Total supply, Europe and America, for the year. 


6, 755, 000 
5, 283, 000 


2, 933, 968, 000 


978, 000 

168, 000 
2, 560, 000 
1, 577, 000 


441, 078, 000 

75, 768, 000 

1, 113, 600, 000 

654, 455, 000 




Consumption of American cotton in Spain, Rus- 














2,284,901,000 






228, 000 
1, 244, 000 




1, 472, 000 














649 067 000 









48 



PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



The foregoing table, or statement of 1859-'60, represents the year of 
largest supply ever known. Compare with it the following statement of 
the last complete cotton year, 1867-'68 : 

Supply and consumption of cotton in Europe and tlie United States for the 

years 1867-'68. 



Supply and consumption. 



Stocks of cotton in ports — 

In Europe September 30, 1867 

In the United States August 31, 1867. 



Cotton crop of the United States for the year 

ending August 31, 1868 

Import to Europe for year ending September 30, 
1868— 

From India 

From Brazil 

From Egypt 

From others 



Total supply, Europe and America 

Consumption in the United States 

Consumption of American cotton in Spain, Rus- 
sia, and Sweden 

Consumption in Great Britain, all kinds 

Consumption in rest of Europe 



Stocks on hand in the United States August 31, 
1868 

Stocks on hand in Europe September 30, 1868 



Bales. 



2, 600, 000 



1, 312, 000 
675, 000 
233, 000 
330, 000 



968, 000 

35, 000 
2, 822, 000 
1, 845, 600 



37, 400 
614, 000 



Pounds. 



1, 157, 000, 000 



478, 880, 000 
106, 650, 000 
116, 500, 000 
66, 000, 000 



430, 760, 000 

15, 575, 000 

1, 001, 810, 000 

645, 960, 000 



Bales. 



1, 092, 000 
80, 000 



1, 172, 000 



5, 150, 000 



Pounds. 



404, 040, 000 
35, 200, 000 



439, 240, 000 



1, 925, 030, 000 



6,322,000 I 2,364,270,000 



5, 670, 600 2, 094, 105, 000 



651, 400 270, 165, 000 



M. Triimpler's tables exclude the cotton trade of Spain, Eussia, and 
Sweden. The entire cotton crop of the United States being stated on 
the side of supply, it is necessary to state on the side of consumption 
the export of United States cotton to those countries. 1 

1 See, in the Appendix G, a table of exports of American cotton to Spain, Russia, and 
Sweden and Norway, 1849 to 1867. 



COTTON. 



49 



Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United, 
States, stated for a comparison of the three years 1858-'59 to 1860-'61 
with the two years 1866-'67 and 1867-'68, (the year ending August 31 in 
the United States, and September 30 in Europe.) 



bo o ™ 




a a .£: 




agj 


S 


,8 a b 
so H -d 


P . 


2 1 3 


<D 


« § 5 




jcks 
of y 

aud 


ft 

o 


as 


o 


Bales. 


Bales. 


746, 000 


4, 019, 000 


900, 000 


4,861,000 


1, 472, 000 


3, 850, 000 


1, 426, 700 


2, 319, 000 


1, 172, 000 


2, 600, 000 



CD 




ft 


S 01 


O - 

h -2 


H J5 


H g 


££ 


O '- 






CQ CD 


U o 
ft o 

5 


Total 
rope 

Stat 


Bales. 


Bales. 


841, 000 


5, 606, 000 


994, 000 


6, 755, 000 


1,058,000 


6, 380, 000 


2, 601, 000 


6, 346, 700 


2, 550, 000 


6, 322, 000 



Consumption — Europe 
and United States. 



1858-'59 . 
1859-*60 . 
1860-'61 . 

1866-'67 . 
1867-'68 . 



Bales. 
900, 000 
1, 472, 000 
1,112,500 

1, 172, 000 
651, 400 



Bales. 

4, 706, 000 

5, 283, 000 
5, 267, 500 

5, 174, 700 
5, 670, 600 



Pounds. 

1, 976, 520, 000 
2, 284, 901, 000 

2, 212, 350, 000 

1, 893, 940, 000 
2, 094, 105, 000 



While the number of bales consumed during the last year exceeds that 
of 1859-'60 (the largest previous to the year 1867-'68) by 387,600, the 
number of pounds consumed the last year was less than that of 1859-'60 
by 190,896,000, equal to 518,000 bales of the average weight of the last 
year. This exhibits the falling off in the average weight of bales since 
the proportion of American supply fell from seven-eighths to one-half of 
the whole supply. 

The consumption of cotton in Europe and the United States during 
the last year, 1867-'68, shows an increase upon the preceding year, 
1866-'67, of 495,900 bales, or 200,165,000 pounds. 



CHAPTER III. 

COTTON MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED 

STATES. 

Prominent events in the history of American cotton manufacture— Statis- 
tics of manufacture — Averages of spindles — Eeturns from cotton mills — 
comparative statement of the movements of cotton in europe and the 
United States — Conclusion. 

HISTORICAL NOTICE. 

The time allowed for preparing this report is too short to permit writ- 
ing a history of the early cotton manufacture in this country ; nor can 
space he given for any proper treatment of a subject so interesting. 

We pass over the period from 1620, when cotton was recommended 
for cultivation in Virginia as a useful material for textile fabrics, down 
to 1760-80, when the inventions in England of spinning and other 
machines by Highs, Lees, Hargreaves, and Arkwright, gave a new value 
to and demand for cotton. 

The spinning and weaving in the colonies during that time was 
chiefly of wool and flax, and only for home wear, trade in such manu- 
factures being prohibited. Indeed, the history of that period tells of 
the policy and laws of the mother country toward the colonies, inter- 
dicting or repressing such industries as might compete with the manu- 
facturer at home or lessen his market. 

For the brief narrative which follows, of the prominent events in the 
history of the American manufacture of cotton goods, we are mainly 
indebted to Samuel Batchelder, esq., of Boston, who was a practical 
manufacturer at New Ipswich, N. H., as early as 1808, and, though far 
advanced in years, still successfully directs the operations of one of the 
large corporations at Lawrence, Mass. 

In 1863, Mr. Batchelder published a small book 1 containing such par- 
ticulars of the history of the cotton manufacture in this country as he 
had collected, guided by the personal recollections of himself and his 
early cotemporaries, which reached back almost to the time of Slater 
and the introduction of the first Arkwright machines. 

Spinning jennies and frames were put in operation in the United 
States very soon after they were started in England. Soon after the 
close of the war of the Revolution, in 17S6-'S7, the legislature of 
Massachusetts offered premiums for the introduction and setting up of 
manufacturing machinery. In 1789, the " Beverly Manufacturing Com- 

1 Introduction and Early Progress of the Cotton Manufacture in the United States. Bos- 
ton: Little, Brown & Co. 1863. 



COTTON. 51 

pany" was incorporated, whose works at Beverly, Mass., had been 
begun in 1787, and were in operation there at the time of Washington's 
visit in 1789 — the first cotton factory in America. 

About the same time, Tench Coxe and others were actively promoting 
manufacturing operations in Pennsylvania. Machinery for making cot- 
ton goods was set up in Connecticut in 1790, in New Jersey in 1792, 
and in New York in 1794. 

But Bhode Island was especially fortunate in securing the services of 
Samuel Slater, a practical machinist and manufacturer, who arrived 
from England near the close of the year 1789, and was soon employed 
by Moses Brown and Almy & Brown to take charge of their mills at 
Providence and Pawtucket. 

The mills which had been started at Beverly, Providence, Paterson, 
(New Jersey,) and Philadelphia, had the spinning jenny; but it was 
Slater who first introduced Arkwright's machinery. 

Thenceforward there was success, with rapid improvement, especially 
in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, attributable in a great degree to the 
skill and teaching of Slater. 

Coxe's report upon the census of 1810 gives the number of cotton fac- 
tories in the country as follows : 



Pennsylvania 64 

Delaware 3 

Maryland 11 

Ohio 2 

Kentucky 15 

Tennessee 4 

Total 241 



Maine 3 

New Hampshire 12 

Massachusetts 54 

Vermont 1 

Bhode Island 28 

Connecticut ... 14 

New York 26 

New Jersey 4 

The "number of spindles is not fully stated, but those of New Hampshire 
were less than 500 per mill, and in Bhode Island and Massachusetts less 
than 800 to each mill. The mills in the middle and western States were 
doubtless smaller still. Assuming the average of all at 400 per mill, the 
whole number of spindles would be 96,400. J (In Woodbury's report to 
Congress, in 1836, the number for 1810 was stated at 87,000.) 

1 Tench Coxe, in his "Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United States of 
America for the year 1810," (prepared in 1812, under instruction of Albert Gallatin, 
Secretary of the Treasury, ) says "the maximum of our exportation of cotton in any one 
year was sixty-four millions of pounds weight ; " that it was " worth then 12-J cents per pound 
at the planters' estates— $8,000,000 ;" and that if the 64,000,000 pounds of cotton could have 
been spun into yarn, (it would have required 1,160,000 spindles,) the weight of yarn would 
have been about 50,000,000 pounds, worth, at the price of the day, $1 12| per pound, and its 
value "would amount to $50,000,000, exceeding the aggregate value of all the exports of 
American articles in the most favorable year." He further says, that by weaving this quan- 
tity of yarn into cloth it would become worth $67,000,000, and by the process of printing 
and dyeing, its value would be further increased, so that "the aggregate value of our sur- 



52 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

The embarrassments to commerce growing out of the war in Europe, 
the Berlin and Milan decrees, orders in council, and our own embargo 
upon trade, had, prior to 1810, restricted the importation of foreign goods ; 
and the consequent advance in prices gave impulse to a rapid increase 
in the production of such fabrics as could be manufactured here, partic- 
ularly of cotton, to take the place of the foreign goods. 

Mr. Batchelder, who was then making cotton goods, says, "The war 
with Great Britain in 1812 raised the price of goods to such extravagant 
rates that articles of cotton, such as had been previously imported from 
England at 17 to 20 cents per yard, were sold by the package at 75 
cents. This state of affairs caused a further large increase of the manu- 
facturing business during the w r ar. 

In 1811, Mr. Nathan Appleton 1 and Mr. Francis C. Lowell, of Boston, 
having met in Edinburgh, determined upon plans for the introduction to 
this country of the power-loom, then recently put in operation in some 
of the cotton mills in Great Britain. Those plans were carried into 
effect by Messrs. Lowell, Appleton, Patrick T. Jackson, and others, and 
power-loom weaving was successfully established in Walthani, Massa- 
chusetts, in 1814. 

Improvements to the machinery for spinning and weaving, for card 
ing and dressing, and other processes in cotton manufacture were dis- 
covered and applied in rapid succession by the ready invention of Paul 
Moody and others. These, brought into use by the enterprise and saga- 
city of Mr. Lowell and his associates at Waltham, gave, in the vicinity 
of Boston, an inrpulse which for its day was as valuable and effective 
as that given by Slater and his associates in the vicinity of Providence 
at an earlier date. The later one was a great advance upon the first, 
yet the value of either to the welfare of the whole country cannot well 
be over-estimated. 2 

With the return of peace in 1815 the importation of foreign goods was 
resumed. The sudden fall in prices which followed was destructive of 
all profit in manufacturing operations, and brought ruin to many who 
were engaged in them. 

plus cotton, (64,000,000 pounds,) even when thus simply manufactured, would be raised 
from $8,000,000 or $9,000,000 to $75,000,000." 

The supplementary observations of Mr. Coxe, bearing date September, 1814, "in regard 
to the uses of steam " as applied to the manufactures of cotton and other materials, to " the 
moving of boats and vessels freighted with those raio materials" and other labor-saving 
devices, are peculiarly interestiug now. 

J See Memoir of Hon. Nathan Appleton, prepared for the Massachusetts Historical Society 
by Hon. E. C. Winthrop, for interesting particulars concerning the establishment of the earlier 
factories, introduction of the power-loom, &c. 

2 Mr. Nathan Appleton, in the sketches of his own life, which he had drawn up about the 
year 1855, and handed to Mr. Winthrop a short time before his death in 1861, thus wrote of 
the labor-saving machinery in the arrangement adopted by Mr. Lowell for the mill at Wal- 
tham prior to 1816. " It is remarkable how few changes, in this respect, have since been 
made from those established by him in the first mill built in Waltham." 



COTTON. 



53 



REPORT OF THE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE IN 1815. 

A report of a committee of Congress in 1815 gave the following as 
the statistics of the cotton manufacture in the United States at that date. 
Capital employed $40,000,000 

Operatives employed : 

Men 10,000 

Boys 24,000 

Women and girls 66,000 

100,000 

Wages of the 100,000, at $1 50 per week, average IISjOOOjOOO 1 

Cotton consumed per year, 90,000 bales lbs . . 27,000,000 

Yards of cloth produced 81,000,000 

Cost, averaging 30 cents per yard $24,300,000 

A statement of the spindles in three States was made as a basis for 
assessments to pay the expenses of an agent at Washington. It appears 
to have been carefully and correctly made up, and was as follows : 

Mills. Spindles. 

Ehode Island - " 68,142 

Massachusetts 53 39, 468 

Connecticut 14 11,700 

Total ~t65 H9,310 

The foregoing statistics of 27,000,000 pounds of cotton used, producing 
81,000,000 yards of cloth, or three yards of yard-wide cloth per pound of 
cotton, indicate an average of about No. 15 yarn. At the probable rate 
of that day, there should have been about 350,000 spindles in the United 
States to consume the 27,000,000 pounds of cotton. 

Up to this time (1815) the cotton machinery had been employed only 
in the production of yarn, which was woven upon hand looms, (the mill 
at Waltham, having power looms, being a recent exception.) Now came 
the necessity for adopting whatever would cheapen the process yet 
improve the product, and power looms soon came into general use. 

The great profits of the owners of cotton factories for a few years prior 
to 1813, and the desire to participate in them, led to the erection of new 
mills and their machinery, to a great extent, upon credit. Many had 
not the capital, which would have been required in ordinary times for a 
proper conduct of the business, and had ventured without it under the 
temptation of extraordinary prices. While all suffered, these were 
utterly disabled by the change tbat came with peace. 

All this large interest was prostrate. In the " Autobiographical 
Sketches" left by Nathan Appleton, he made notes of a visit which he 
and Mr. Lowell made to Ehode Island in 1816. He says : " We pro- 
ceeded to Pawtucket. We called on Mr. Wilkinson, the maker of 

i Should be $150,000. 



54 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

machinery. He took us into his establishment — a large one. All was 
silent — not a wheel in motion — not a man to be seen. He informed us 
that there was not a spindle running in Pawtucket, except a few in 
Slater's old mill, making yarns ; all was dead and still. * * * We 
saw several manufacturers ; they were all sad and despairing." 

Congress was petitioned for relief in the form of a protective tariff, and 
the policy of encouraging American industry in this way was earnestly 
advocated and carried by Calhoun, Clay, and other leading southern 
men in Congress, against the strenuous resistance of representatives 
from the New England and other districts largely interested in shipping 
and foreign commerce. 

The recovery from this extreme depression was slow and gradual. 
Adversity had compelled the adoption of the best labor-saving machinery 
which ingenious men could devise, and a resort to all the wise economies 
that should tend to cheapen the cost of production. Under favor of 
these benefits and the fostering effect of the protective tariff the manu- 
facturing interest regained a profitable position, and began a new period 
of growth and prosperity. It has since passed through adverse times, 
making losses and encountering changes of legislative policy that were 
discouraging ; but in spite of these and their checks to progress, it has 
increased from one decade to another, and has become one of the most 
important, as it is one of the most firmly established industries of our 
people. 

In 1821 Messrs. Nathan Appleton, Kirk Boott, P. T. Jackson, and Paul 
Moody started the improvement of the water-power on the Merrimack 
river, which created the city of Lowell. It was the origin and type of 
the many great manufacturing towns which have become the seats of 
wealth-producing power. 

Our limited time and space do not permit even a chronological state- 
ment in detail of the beginning and progress of the large manufacturing 
works at Saco, Biddeford, and Lewiston, in Maine ; at Great Falls, Sal- 
mon Palls, Manchester, and Nashua, in New Hampshire ; at Lawrence, 
Pall Eiver, and the hundred other manufacturing cities and towns in 
Massachusetts ; nor of the extension of this business in the States of 
Ehode Island and Connecticut, dotting them all over with factories 
wherever a water-power could be utilized under the influences which 
began with and flowed from the success of Slater in 1789-'90. 

The early, persistent, and successful efforts for the promotion of manu- 
factures in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, and the results 
achieved, deserve special mention, but, like the others, must be passed 
over. 

STATISTICS OF MANUFACTUBE. 

It remains now to present such statistics as are obtainable to show 
the growth of this business from one decade to another and its present 
condition. 



COTTON. 



55 



The following table is made from the data gathered and presented to 
Congress by Mr. Woodbury in his special report, March 4, 183G. Few, 
if any, of its quantities could have been taken from actual returns, and 
all are more or less the subjects of estimate. (The spindles in 1815 must 
have been over 300,000.) Mr. Woodbury explains that the quantities of 
cotton stated as consumed included the cotton used in families for home 
spinning and all other purposes. 

Number of spindles and consumption of cotton from 1805 to 1835 inclusive, 
according to Woodbury. 



Year. 



1805 
1807 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1814 
1815 
1820 



Number of 
spindles. 



4,500 

8,000 

31, 000 

87, 000 

80, 00.0 

122, 646 

130, 000 

220, 000 



Pounds of 
cotton used. 



11, 000, 000 



16, 000, 000 

17, 000, 000 



31,500,000 



Year. 



1821. 
1825. 
1828. 
1830. 
1831. 
1833. 
1835. 



Number of 
spindles. 



230, 000 

800, 000 

1, 250, 000 

1, 500, 000 



Pounds of 
cotton used. 



50, 000, 000 



60, 000, 000 



77, 500, 000 
82, 500, 000 
100, 000, 001) 



CENSUS RETURNS. 

The following table of statistics was compiled from the census returns 
of 1840. The number of cotton mills then returned exceeds the number 
now in existence. Either many have been discontinued, or some were 
included then that were not properly cotton factories. 

It will be noticed that there were no cotton mills in the States of Illi- 
nois, Missouri, Michigan, Florida, Wisconsin, Iowa, nor in the District of 
Columbia. 

/Statistics of the cotton manufacture of the United States according to the 

census returns of 1840. 



States. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 
Massachusetts. . 
Rhode Island... 
Connecticut. — 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 



6 

58 
278 
209 
116 
7 
117 

43 
106 

11 

21 



29, 736 
195, 173 
665, 095 
518, 817 
181,319 
7,254 
211, 659 

63, 744 
146, 494 

24, 492 

41, 182 



$970, 397 

4, 142, 304 
16, 553, 423 

7, 116, 792 
2,715,964 
113,000 
3, 640, 237 
2, 086, 104 

5, 013, 007 
332, 272 

1, 150, 580 



& 



1,414 

6,991 

20, 928 

12, 086 

5,153 

262 

7,407 

2,408 

5, 522 

566 

2,264 



$1, 398, 009 
5, 523, 200 

17, 414, 099 
7, 326, 000 
3, 152, 000 
118, 100 
4, 900, 772 
1, 722, 810 
3, 325, 400 
330, 500 
1, 304, 400 



56 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



Statistics of the cotton manufacture, &c. — Continued. 



States. 



o a 
p, 

is s 



Virginia 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama .... 
Mississippi*. .. 

Louisiana 

Tennessee- 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Arkansas , 

Total., 



42, 262 

47, 934 

16, 355 

42, 589 

1,502 

318 

706 

16,813 

12, 358 

13, 754 
4,985 

90 



446, 
438, 
359, 
304, 

17, 
1, 

18, 
325, 
329, 
139, 
135 



1,816 

1,219 

570 

779 

82 

81* 

23 

1,542 

523 

246 

210 

7 



1, 299, 020 

995, 300 

617, 450 

573, 835 

35, 575 

6, 420 

22, 000 

463, 240 

316, 113 

113,500 

142, 500 

2,125 



1,240 



2, 284, 631 



46, 350, 453 



72, 119 51, 102, 359 



* Evidently erroneous ; probably three mills, and eighteen persons employed. 

The report of the seventh United States census (for 1850) does not men- 
tion cotton mills or spindles. Its statistics of the cotton manufacture 
specify the capital employed;, value of the production, number of persons 
employed, and some other items of information that would be useful if 
they were reliable. It fails to supply the details necessary to a com- 
parision of the cotton manufacture in 1850 with that of 1810 and 1860. 

In a compendium of the seventh census, prepared by J. D. B. DeBow 
in 1851, are to be found some statistics that were omitted in the large 
quarto report. Some of these are included in Table 196 in the compen- 
dium, upon " cotton manufactures, 1850." Still the table, 1 like the census 
report, omits mention of the cotton spindles, and as an exhibit of the 
manufacturing capacity of the cotton mills in the several States is very 
unsatisfactory and inaccurate. The number of mills in Bhode Island, 
their capital and their product, are set down as less in 1850 than they 
were by the census of 1810, when, in fact, there had been a large increase. 

According to the annual cotton crop statement, published by the New 
York Shipping List for the year 1819-'50, the total quantity of cotton 
taken for home consumption that year was 613,000 bales, for all uses, 
north and south, of which not more than 600,000 bales could have been 
consumed by the spinning machinery. DeBow's table states the con- 

!The table referred to is copied (without credit, however) into the Supplement on Cotton 
Statistics and Manufactures, by P. L. Siuimonds, appended to the edition of Ure's Cotton 
Manufactures of Great Britain, published by Bohn, London, 1861. Our country should sup- 
ply more carefully prepared statistics for use in the preparation of works so valuable as those 
of Ure and Simmonds. (See Vol. 1, page 436.) 



COTTON. 57 

sumption of cotton at 641,240 bales, and so placed in the table as to bear 
the inference that it was consumed in the mills. If the cotton used in 
families for all purposes was included, then it would be nearer the right 
quantity. 

AVERAGES OF CONSUMPTION, SPINDLES, AND YARN. 

Through the well-directed efforts of the " National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers and Planters," during the past year, some data 
have been obtained that are reliable and valuable as supplying a basis 
for computations of past as well as present and future quantities. In 
another j)lace we shall make free use of their tables. 

For the present these facts should be noted : 

The present average annual consumption of cotton in all the United 
States is at the rate of 65 pounds per spindle ; in the northern States the 
rate is 60.7 pounds, and in the southern States it is 138.12 pounds per 
spindle. 

The average size or number of yarn produced is as follows : In the 
United Stales, 27£, in the north 28, in the south 12|. 

There is a constant tendency to finer work as labor becomes more 
skilled and raw material more costly in proportion. Down to within a 
few years the number of yarn was as coarse as No. 14 in a large part of 
the northern production. 

The average now being 27^, it cannot be far wrong to place the average 
size of yam for 1860, No. 23; for 1850, No. 22 £; for 1840, No. 20. 

The consumption of 65 pounds of cotton per year to each spindle, for 
an average of No. 27£ yarn, after allowing 20 per cent, gross waste, 
produces 52 pounds of yarn, equal to 1,430 hanks, which, for 300 work- 
ing days, gives 4.76 hanks per day. 

The better machinery now affords a higher rate of production than 
was generally practicable for the same yarn in the same time some years 
ago. 

The coarser the yarn on equal speed, the greater will be the quantity 
of cotton used. 

Comparing the work in 1850 with that now done, it will be well to 
assume, in the absence of stated facts, that in the year 1850 the average 
number of yarn was 22^ ; the average rate, 4.8 hanks per clay ; the cot- 
ton consumed in mills,'600,000 bales, equal to 264,000,000 pounds; which, 
at 80 pounds per year for each spindle, would require 3,300,000 spindles 
to work it up. 

Mr. Samuel Batchelder made a report to the Boston board of trade in 
1861, upon the cotton manufacture, in which, by another process, he 
arrived at a result not widely different. 

DEFECTIVE STATISTICS. 

The errors in DeBow's compendium of the United States census for 
1850 have been noticed. As the statistical work by the same compiler, 
J. D. B. DeBow, entitled "The Industrial Besources, &c, of the South- 
ern and Western States," is often cited as good authority in matters per- 

5c 



58 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



taming- to cotton, its trade, and manufacture, it is well to say here, and 
show reason for saying - , that its statistics generally in regard to manu- 
factures of cotton are quite erroneous, and not to be accepted until veri- 
fied. 1 

In volume 1, page 210, he says : "In 1810 the cotton used annually in 
our mills was 106,000,000 pounds; capital invested was [1] $80,000,000; 
annual value of cotton manufacture [2] $00,000,000. In the same year 
there were in operation in the New England States 1,590,140 spindles. 
The whole number of cotton spindles in the United States in 1850 was 
2,500,000, showing an increase of 20 per cent, in the last ten years, [3.] 
Of the present actual condition of the cotton manufacture in this country 
we cannot speak with entire certainty until the returns of the census for 
1850 are published. We are deficient in details, but for the figures given 
above, derived chiefly from a work on American cotton manufactures by 
Eobert H. Barrel, 1851, we can speak with confidence of the 2,500,000 [1] 
cotton spindles now in the United States ; 150,000 are in the southern 
States and 100,000 in the western." 

The foregoing is a literal quotation. 

(1.) The census of 1810 stated the capital at $51,102,359. 

(2.) The census of 1810 stated the annual product at $16,350,453. 

(3.) Although the census of 1840 is not mentioned, and in other par- 
ticulars its statistics are displaced by his own, here Mr. DeBow refers to 
the number of spindles in the census of 1840, upon which there is an 
increase of 20 per cent. 

(4.) There is nothing but bare assertion for the 2,500,000 spindles in 
1850. See its contradiction by himself below. 

From page 220 of the same volume is quoted: "The following returns, 
based partly on the official census, show the number of mills and spindles 
in each of the New England States using cotton wholly, leaving out all 
of those engaged in the manufacture of warps for satinets, merino shirts, 
mousselame delaines, and shawls of mixed materials, of which it forms 
a component part : 

" Mills, spindles, and looms in New England. 



States. 



Mills. 



Spindles. 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts. .. 

Vermont 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 



15 
40 
165 
12 
166 
109 



3,439 
12, 462 
32, 655 
345 
28, 233 

6,506 



113, 900 
440, 401 
1, 288, 091 
31, 736 
624, 138 
252,812 



29, 736 
195, 173 
665, 095 
7, 254 
518,817 
181,319 



Total. 



507 



■ 82, 640 



1 2, 754, 078 



1,597,304 



* The clerical errors in the footings follow the original. 

t Here we see 2,754,078 spindles for New England alone, whereas in the statistics which he " could use with 
confidence," Mr. DeBow stated the number to be 2,500,000 for all the United States. 

1 See Appendix K for another of Mr. DeBow's tables of cotton statistics. 



COTTON. 59 

"This shows a very considerable increase of production j being nearly 
90 per cent, in the number of spindles." 

That there was no proper statement of the cotton manufacture in 1850, 
was attributable to Mr. DeBow, who had charge of the census statistics. 
He should have all the credit due to his work. 



60 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 





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COTTON. 



61 



From the foregoing table appear the following averages per spindle 
in most of the States : 

Averages per spindle according to the table, 



States. 



Capital 
invested. 



Pounds cot- 
ton con- 
sumed. 



Value per 
lb. of raw 
material. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.. 
Rhode Island. .. 

Connecticut 

New York 

Pennsylvania . 
* New Jersey. .. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Missouri 

Kentucky 

Virginia 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Georgia 

Alabama 



$20 36 
20 71 
16 30 
19 14 

15 00 
12 93 

16 50 
23 00 
19 20 
22 25 

44 38 
16 67 
22 73 
11 65 
10 95 
46 18 
34 82 
50 29 
41 85 

45 77 



78.13 
58.52 
56.20 
72.81 
50.30 
34.05 
79.11 
91.60 
23.49 
105. 72 
240. 92 
121.00 
72.72 
6.89 
32. 74 
257. 93 
170. 93 
233. 63 
292. 87 
153. 80 



$22 12 
24 87 
18 13 
21.12 
16 00 

16 47 
22 73 

32 79 

33 83 
35 76 
56 05 
41 97 

31 73 
15 86 

17 63 
37 06 
30 87 
35 17 
50 00 

32 13 



$0 12J 
25 
121 
HI 
13$ 
25* 
11* 

20* 

75 

19i 

131 

13f 

12* 

14* 

44S 

10* 

11 

11 

13 

144 



* The light quantity of cotton consumed and large value per pound of the raw material in New Jersey 
indicates thread spinning and the use of sea island and other costly cotton. This is confirmed by the small 
number of looms. 

The Preliminary Eeport on the Eighth Census, by J. G. C. Kennedy, 
superintendent, says of the facts exhibited in the foregoing census table : 

"The product per spindle varies in the different States, partly accounted 
for by the fact that many manufacturers purchase yarns which have been 
spun in other States. * * * * The quantity of cotton used in the 
fabrication of the above goods was 364,036,123 pounds, or 910,000 bales 
of 400 pounds each. Of this amount the New England States consumed 
611,738 bales, and Massachusetts alone 316,655. The consumption per 
spindle in that year in the various sections was as follows : 





Consumption of cotton per spindle. 








No. of spin- 
dles. 


Pounds of 
cotton. 


Pounds per 
spindle. 




3, 959, 297 
861,661 
174, 340 

5, 035, 798 


237, 844, 854 
76, 055, 666 
40, 530, 003 

364, 036, 123 


61.8 




88.26 




232. 48 


In the United States 


72.2 







* We have interpolated this line showing in a separate aggregate the spindles and consumption of the south- 
ern States (south of the Potomac) from the census table. The cotton consumed must include cotton used in 
families, or otherwise than upon mill spindles, the utmost capacity of which would be equal to the consump- 
tion of a quantity only about half as large as the above rate per spindle. 



62 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



STATISTICS FROM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFAC- 
TURERS AND PLANTERS. 

Allusion lias been made to the publications of the " National Associa- 
tion of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters." That association was 
organized in the early part of the last year, chiefly "to promote the cul- 
tivation of cotton in our country, and a recognition of the identity of 
interests between the cotton planters and manufacturers; and generally 
to accomplish by associated efforts whatever may be for the common 
good within the sphere of the association, shunning everything of a local 
or partial character." 

By the courtesy of the officers of that association we are permitted to 
take the following table and remarks from a report prepared by its sta- 
tistical committee, to be presented at an approaching meeting to be held 
iu Baltimore. 

The table is compiled from the actual returns made from the mills, in 
number and locality as stated, and these carefully collected by the sec- 
retary of the association. The number of spindles is less than 7,000,00c 1 

Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869. 2 



States. 



O 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts... 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania ... 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 



Northern. 



Virginia 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Georgia 

Alabama 



22 

49 

16 

150 

126 

81 

88 

30 

71 

9 

11 

5 

1 

1 

4 



443, 800 

734, 460 

28, 038 

2, 386, 002 

1, 082, 376 

545, 528 

437, 482 

175, 042 

384, 828 

48, 892 

45, 502 

22,834 

10, 800 



24? 

25f 

29£ 

27* 

35i 

29 

32£ 

32J 

17 

21 

12f 

13 

14 



Pounds. 
28, 838, 608 
48, 089, 439 
1,281,125 
138, 081, 144 
51, 938, 373 
31, 652, 920 
22, 097, 044 
10, 767, 600 
34, 806, 531 
3, 288, 280 
7, 972, 896 
3, 170, 000 
1, 493, 061 



Pounds. 
65 

65.46 
45.69 
57,87 
47,06 
58 

50.51 

61.51 

90.45 

67.46 

175.22 

138. 82 

138. 26 



13, 436 



2, 475, 000 



184. 21 



6, 359, 020 



28 



385, 952, 021 



36, 060 

24, 249 
31, 588 
69, 782 

25, 196 



15J 
10^ 
131 
12f 
17 



4, 010, 000 
3, 537, 000 
4, 174, 100 
10, 864, 350 
2, 820, 596 



111. 18 
145. 85 
132. 14 
155. 70 

112 



Pounds. 



1,297,600 
953, 500 
197,000 
890, 800 
492, 500 

4, 125, 000 
7,000 

2, 336, 500 



600, 000 
126, 500 



11, 026, 400 



1 See appendix (F) for the report upon cotton spinning in the United States, as made by the 
international jury of the Paris Exposition, 1867. 

2 From the records of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters. 



COTTON. 



63 



Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869 — Continued. 



States. 


1 


■3 
g 
'pi 

02 


a . 

is n 
~ o 


n 

p. 

d 

o 

o 
O 


g 
'3. 

a) 
P. 6 

p "3 

bo 


.a •» 
o S 

H ^ 
o 

o 
O 




6 
4 
2 
10 
3 


8,752 
8,528 
924 
13, 720 
6,264 


9 
91 

8J 

10 
10 


1, 457, 000 
1, 372, 104 
258, 400 
1, 847, 200 
1, 075, 000 


166. 48 
160. 90 
268. 83 
134 
171. 62 


























86 


225, 063 


12| 


31, 415, 750 


138. 12 










664 
86 


6, 359, 020 
225, 063 


28 
121 


385, 952, 021 
31, 415, 750 


60.70 
138. 12 


11 026 400 










Total 


750 


6, 584, 083 


27* 


417, 367, 771 


64.88 


11, 026, 400 





There are not probably more than 100 mills nor more than 250,000 
spindles in the country not yet returned. 

The secretary has upon his list only 81 mills unreported, in which he 
estimates that there are 233,000 spindles. This list includes all of which 
he can get any mention whatever. 

In explanation of the greater number of mills (1,091) reported in the 
census of 1860, he submits the following : 

Mills of which he has returns 750 

Mills on his list not returned 81 

Mills originally on his list not now using cotton : 

That have ceased running 72 

Consolidated with others 11 

Printing only 11 

Weaving only 75 

Using waste from other mills 10 

= 182 

Total 1, 013 



It is probable that many factories were classed as cotton mills in the 
census of 1860, which would be excluded by us as not properly cotton- 
spinning mills. The secretary finds that cotton in considerable quan- 
tities is " used otherwise than in cotton-spinning." He is trying to get 
complete returns of it, but finds obstacles not easily overcome, and is 
satisfied that the partial returns stated in the column for " cotton not 
otherwise used " do not represent one half the proper quantity. 



64 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



The mills reporting which spin cotton use per year 417, 367, 771 pounds. 

Eighty-one mills not reporting are estimated to use 27, 9G0, 000 pounds. 

Cotton otherwise used, that is, for textile fabrics, 
batting, &c, but not in cotton mills proper, esti- 
mated at 24, 672, 229 pounds. 



470, 000, 000 pounds. 
Deduct, for the exceptional cases in which the 
quantity reported is the usual consuming capac- 
ity, and not the actual consumption of the year 20, 000, 000 pounds. 



Total consumption for 1868, (in part estimated, as 

above) 450, 000, 000 pounds. 



Of which was used in the southern States, about. 38, 000, 000 pounds. 



INCREASE OF MANUFACTURED GOODS. 

The sum of the increase of the manufacture of cotton goods and yarns 
in the United States is shown approximately in the following recapitu- 
lation of the aggregates at the decennial periods : 

Sum of increase of the manufacture of cotton goods. 



Year. 


No. of 
mills. 


No. of spin- 
dles. 


Pounds cot- 
ton con- 
sumed. 


Average 
per spin- 
dle. 


Average 
No. of 
yarn. 


1840 


1,240 


2, 284, 631 

3, 300, 000 

5, 035, 798 

6, 817, 083 


171,201,218 
264, 000, 000 
364, 036 ; 123 
450, 000, 000 


74.94 
80. 
72.2 
64.88 


20 


1850 . . . 


22-V 


I860 


915 
831 


23 


186S 


37JL 







The rate of increase thus appears to have been — 

1840 to 1850. . .in spindles 44.4 per cent in cotton used 54.2 per cent. 

1850 to 1860. . .in spindles 52.6 per cent in cotton used 37.9 per cent. 

1860 to 1868. . .in spindles 35.4 per cent in cotton used 23.6 per cent. 

1840 to 1868. .in spindles 198.3 per cent., .in cotton used 162.8 per cent. 

We do not find any complete statistics of the various kinds of cotton 
goods produced. The custom-house returns afford some materials for a 
table of cotton goods exported, which table will be found in the appen- 
dix, (E,) embracing, however, only plain white or brown goods, and only 
from the ports of New York and Boston for the years 1849 to 1868, inclu- 
sive. This table shows nearly the whole export of domestic cottons, 
and in a comparison of the several years the fluctuations of increase and 
diminution may be observed. In the appendices (D) and (H) will be found 
a table containing the principal facts of the British trade and manufac- 



COTTON. 



65 



ture of cotton. The statement for the calendar year 1868, in Great 
Britain, stands thus : x 

Imports, exports, and consumption in Great Britain, 1868. 



Stock held by spinners January 1 

Stock in the ports January 1 

Import during the year 



80, 000 

554, 800 

3, 660, 130 



30, 253, 000 

191,415,360 

1, 296, 957, 930 



Total supply. 



4, 294, 930 



1,518,625,290 



Export during the year 

Stocks held by spinners December 31. 
Stocks in the ports December 31 



915, 120 

80, 000 

497, 870 



315, 195, 100 
28, 953, 000 
178, 280, 090 



Total deduction . 



1, 492, 900 



522, 428, 190 



Leaving as the actual consumption . 



2, 801, 940 



996, 197, 100 



Which compares as follows with the preceding nine years 



1868 
1867 
1866 
1865 
1864 



Bales. 



2, 801, 940 
2, 552, 498 
2, 406, 394 
2, 034, 730 
1, 566, 400 



996, 197, 100 
954, 517, 505 
890, 721, 031 
718, 651, 000 
561, 196, 000 



1863 
1862 
1861 
1860 
1859 



1,303,500 
1, 185, 500 
2, 363, 600 
2, 523, 000 
2, 296, 700 



476, 445, 000 

449, 821, 000 

1, 005, 477, 000 

1, 079, 321, 000 

977, 633, 000 



In order to give a correct comparison of the amount of cotton con- 
sumed in each of the past ten years, we have reduced the bales to the 
uniform weight of 100 pounds each, as follows : 

Amount of cotton consumed, 1859 to 1868. 



1868 
1867 
1866 
1865 
1864 



Total in bales of 
400 pounds. 



2, 490, 490 
2, 386, 290 
2, 226, 800 
1, 796, 639 
1, 402, 990 



Average 
per week. 



47, 890 
45, 890 
42, 820 
34, 550 
26, 980 



Years. 



1863 
1862 
1861 
1860 
1859 



Total in bales of | Average 
400 pounds. per week. 



1,191,110 
1, 124, 550 
2, 563, 690 
2, 698, 300 
2, 444, 080 



22, 910 
21, 620 
49, 300 
51,890 
47, 000 



As compared with 1867, the consumption of 1868 shows an increase of 
only 2,000 bales of 400 pounds per week. 
In Simmonds's statistical supplement to lire's Cotton Manufacture of 

1 From Ellison & Haywood's Annual Eeview, for the year 1868, published in Liverpool 
January 14, 1869. 



66 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



Great Britain, Loudon, 1861, page 397, the items of the following table 
are found : 



Pounds cotton 
consumed. 



No. of persons 
employed in 
cotton mills. 



No. of spindles. 



Average weight 
of cotton con- 
sumed per 
spindle. 



1856 
1859 
1860 



891, 400, 000 

976, 600, 000 

1, 050, 895, 000 



379, 213 
415, 423 
446, 999 



28, 010, 217 
30, 759, 368 
33, 099, 056 



31J pounds. 
3 If pounds. 
31J pounds. 



A parliamentary return stated that there were in Great Britain, in 
1850, 20,858,062 spindles, consuming 629,798,400 pounds cotton, equal 
to 30 pounds per spindle. 

The increase of cotton spindles in Great Britain since 1860 is estimated 
to exceed 10 per cent. If now only 36,500,000 in number, and using the 
same number of pounds of cotton per spindle when fully employed, as in 
1859-'60, they would require about 1,159,000,000 pounds. The quantity 
used in 1868, 996,197,000 pounds, was only about 85 per cent, of the 
quantity required for the machinery to run full. 

The following very interesting statistics of European cotton trade and 
manufacture are derived from the Annual Beview of Messrs. Ellison & 
Haywood, of Liverpool, who give credit for some of the continental 
figures to Messrs. Stolterfoht, Sons & Co. : 



COTTON. 



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COTTON. 69 

The deliveries to Great Britain in 1868 show a decrease of 343,500 
bales (of average of 400 pounds each) compared with 1860, while those 
to Holland and Germany together show an increase of 128,000 bales of 
same weight. The absolute increase in the consumption of Great Bri- 
tain in 1868 over 1867 was only a trifle over the increase in Germany, 
the figures being 115,000 and 112,000, respectively. 

The aggregates for the several years in the foregoing table differ a 
little from those in our own comparative table on page 49, because the 
latter were computed for years ending 30th September in Europe and 
31st August in the United States, while the former represent the results 
for the calendar years. (See Table H in the Appendix.) 

CONCLUSION. 

The experience of the past year fully justifies the conclusion stated in 
the report made from this commission in August, 1867. The peculiar 
advantages of our country for producing cotton are rapidly regaining 
the position held before the war — quite fast enough, in view of the extra- 
ordinary change in the condition of the laboring population and of the 
wastes by war. 

The cotton-planting States should continue to produce, as of first 
necessity, ample supplies of food for home use. The power of high 
prices (the seasons being favorable) will not fail to secure a progressive 
increase in the production of cotton at a cost cheapening from year to 
year, until its excess shall at length drive from competition the cotton 

of less favored countries. 

B. F. NOUBSE, Commissioner. 
Boston, February 1, 1869. 



APPENDICES 



APPENDIX A. 

CAPITAL INVESTED IN THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN 1835. 

The following statement of the capital invested in the culture of cotton 
in 1835 is taken from "Woodbury's Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, 
Manufacture and Foreign Trade of Cotton" — a report to Congress March 
4, 1836, before cited in this report. 

"The crop of 1834-'35 was set down by the same authority, and cor- 
rectly, at 160,000,000 pounds, which would be 230 pounds per acre on 
the area of land as stated below. 

"The capital invested in cotton lands under cultivation at 
2,000,000 acres, and worth, cleared, on an average, $20 

per acre, is $10,000,000 

"The capital in field hands, and in other lands, stock, 
labor, &c, to feed and clothe them, at $100 per year, on 
340,000 in number, would require the interest or income of 

a capital at 6 per cent, of 541,000,000 

" The maintenance of 310,000 more assistants, &c, at $30 
each per year, would require the income of a capital at 

six per cent, of 167,000,000 

"The capital to supply enough interest or income to pay 
for tools, horses for ploughing cotton, taxes, medicines, 
overseers, &c, at $30 for the first 310,000, would be 167,000,000 

" Making in all a permanent capital equal to 918,000,000" 



Apply to this formula the quantities and values of 1860, and we should 
have a total capital of $2,682,000,000 employed in producing the crop o± 
1859-60, allowing 210 pounds to the acre. 

The capital now required for the production of 3,000,000 bales per 
annum, of 150 pounds each, is but little more than the value of about 
8,000,000 acres of land, and buildings which at present values can hardly 
exceed $100,000,000, and so much more capital as would pay from its 
interest the wages and maintenance of laborers a few months until crops 
begin to come in. The latter portion of the required capital rests chiefly 
in the surplus of crops for subsistence carried forward froni the previous 
harvest. 



COTTON. 7 1 

APPENDIX B. 

THE AUGUSTA COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF AUGUSTA, GA. 

It appears from the report of the president of the company, Mr. Wil- 
liam E. Jackson, that the gross earnings of the company during the six 
months ending June 30, 1868, amounted to $135,510 65 ; interest received, 
$3,921 65; total, $139,432 30. The expenses and taxes for the same 
time were $31,898 16; leaving a net profit of $107,544 14. Two divi- 
dends amounting to $60,000 were paid, enabling the company to carry 
to the credit of profit and loss account $47,534 14, making the amount 
at present to that account, $224,798 22. The goods manufactured from 
December 14, 1867, to June 13, 1868, were, pounds, 1,184,845; pieces, 
98,348; yards, 3,888,301. The cotton consumed amounted to 1,362,571 
pounds ; average cost of cotton, 19.98 ; the average number of yards per 
loom made daily was 49 1-5; number of looms running, 505; number of 
hands employed, 507 ; aggregate wages paid,$87,546 93; aggregate sales, 
$519,965 01. Between June 13, 1865, and June 30, 1868, the com- 
pany increased its machinery to the extent of $92,686 76 worth, and paid 
to the stockholders $360,000. The company commenced business with 
a capital of $60,000. The gold value of their property on the 30th of 
June last, irrespective of the $224,798 22 before mentioned as standing to 
their credit, was $600,000. The aggregate sales of the company since 
their organization have amounted to $3,765,301 80; the wages paid to 
$622,280 15; average number of hands employed, 578, and the average 
number of yards per loom per day 45.90. Their production during three 
years was, pounds, 6,261,655; pieces, 527,114; yards, 20,364,919. The 
original factory property was purchased about ten years ago from the 
city of Augusta for $140,000, on ten years' credit. Already the entire 
property has been paid for. 



APPENDIX C. 

NATIVE PHOSPHATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Dr. N. A. Pratt, the chemist and general superintendent of the Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, Mining and Manufacturing Company, has contributed 
an article to the Southern Cultivator upon the discovery and extent of 
the phosphatic deposits, and the following is abridged from his descrip- 
tion. 

The calcareous beds of South Carolina are justly considered the most 
remarkable perhaps in the world, and very early attracted attention; 
and in the time of the late venerable Edmund Buffin, esq., were extensively 
explored and analyzed. Many subsequent explorers — among whom stand 
pre-eminent Professor M. Tuoiney, State geologist of South Carolina, 



72 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

and Professor F. S. Holmes, of the (Charleston college — have so system- 
atically explored and studied these beds that, previous to the year 
1850, they were as well and widely known geologically and palpeontolo- 
gically as any other equally extensive in the world. 

The calcareous marls of South Carolina have been closely studied, 
classified, and analyzed, and their value as marls, containing a small per- 
centage of phosphate of lime, has been known for 20 years; but there 
is another bed, not of marl, but adjacent to these, equally well known 
and described, the composition of which has, until lately, been unknown 
and misunderstood. 

Bet'erence to the Geology of South Carolina, by Professor M. Tuomey, 
published in 184S, will show all that was known of them up to the year 
1807, viz: 

1st. That the calcareous beds of this section had been carefully .studied, 
classified, and analyzed, and were known to contain from 50 to 85 per 
cent, of carbonate of lime, and from 2 to 9.20 per cent, of phosphate of 
lime. 

2d. That the marlstones, nodules, or conglomerates, (constituting a 
bed which overlies the newer eocene marls,) bedded in the clay, were 
universally considered as silicified, having lost all or most of their lime, 
which rarely exceeded six per cent. — (Tuomey's Geology of South Carolina, 
p. 165.) 

3d. That the fossil bones, marine and terrestrial, were also considered 
petrified or silicified. 

See, also, the magnificent work on the "Post Pliocene Fossils of South 
Carolina," by Professor F. S. Holmes, (1859), Introduction, p. ii. 

These are the published records; but Professor Holmes has informed 
Dr. Pratt that Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of these nodules 
some years ago, and he thought the estimate was fifteen to sixteen per 
cent, of phosphate of lime, but not enough to counterbalance the car- 
bonate of lime, iron, and sand which they also contained, and it was con- 
sidered unavailable for agricultural purposes. 

During the late war, while in charge of the chemical department of 
the C. S. Nitre and Mining Bureau, and engaged in inspecting the salt- 
petre beds of Charleston and Ashley river, which were constructed under 
the charge of Prof. F. S. Holmes, Dr. Pratt's attention was repeatedly 
directed by Prof. Holmes to the remarkable accumulation of fossil bones 
in a bed long since described and known as the " Fish Bed of the Charles- 
ton Basin," and also to the existence of from two to nine per cent, of phos- 
phate of lime in the heavy marls below, as indicated by the analysis of 
Prof. C. U. Shepard, published in the Geology of South Carolina in 1848. 
Knowing that the marls of Georgia were comparatively poor in that 
ingredient, rarely exceeding three per cent., the contrast was too strik- 
ing to escape notice ; and the doctor took various samples to Augusta, 
Georgia, for examination, but more urgent matters at that time pre- 
vented the analysis, and the fact was almost forgotten. 



COTTON. 73 

Later, in May, 1867, Dr. Pratt was fortunate enough to discover that 
a bed outcropping within ten miles of Charleston contained as large a 
per centage of phosphate of lime as any of the phosphatic guanos imported 
from the tropical islands, and used in this country and abroad, for the 
manufacture of fertilizers. 

This bed has been long known in the history of the geology of South 
Carolina as the "Fish Bed of the Charleston Basin," on account of the 
abundant remains of the marine animals found in it, Professor Holmes, 
of the College of Charleston, having in his cabinet not less than 60,000 
specimens of sharks' teeth alone, some of them of enormous size, weigh- 
ing from two to two and a half pounds each ! The bed outcrops on the 
banks of the Ashley, Cooper, Stono, Edisto, Ashepoo, and Combahee 
rivers, but is developed most heavily and richly on the former, and has 
been found as far inland as 40 or 50 miles. 

Near the Ashley river it paves the public highway for miles ; it seri- 
ously impedes and obstructs the cultivation of the lands, affording 
scarcely soil enough to " hill-up the cotton rows," and the phosphates 
have been for years past thrown into piles on the lawns, or into cause- 
ways over ravines, to get them out of the reach of the ploughs ; it under- 
lies many square miles of surface continuously, at a depth ranging from 
six inches to twelve or more feet, and exists in such quantities that in 
some localities from 500 to 1,000 tons or more underlie each acre. In 
fact, it seems that there are no rocks in this section which are not phos- 
phates ! 

Chemical analyses made by Dr. Pratt, in the laboratory of Dr. Bave- 
nel, showed that samples from different localities contain from 31 to 55 
and 67 per cent, of phosphate of lime. A company was soon after organ- 
ized for thoroughly working this invaluable deposit, and South Carolina 
has now become the exporter rather than the importer of fertilizers. 

6C 



74 



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COTTON. 



83 



This table of the statistics of British cotton trade and manufacture, 
and two others of the more extensive and valuable tables published 
herewith, are taken from the publications of the "National Association 
of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters." They had been compiled by 
the writer of this report, for the use of that association, from the best 
authorities, chiefly from the statistics of the cotton trade published by 
Messrs. George Holt & Co., of Liverpool. 



IMPORTATION OP COTTON WOOL. 

Table II. — Estimated yearly average importation of cottonwool into Great 
Britain at various periods prior to 1816, (in pounds.) 



1701 a 1705 
1716 a 1720 
1771 a 1775 
1776 a 1730 
1781 a 1785 
1786 a 1790 
1791 a 1795 
1796 a 1800 



1, 200, 000 

2, 200, 000 
4, 800, 000 
6, 700, 000 

10, 900, 000 

25, 400, 000 

26, 700, 000 
37, 300, 000 



]801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 



56, 000, 000 
60, 300, 000 
53, 800, 000 
61,900,000 
59, 700, 000 
58, 200, 000 
74, 900, 000 
43, 600, 000 



1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
18L4 
1815 



92, 800, 000 
136, 500, 000 
91, 600, 000 
63, 000, 000 
51, 000, 000 
60,100,000 
99, 300, 000 



SOUBCES OF SUPPLY OF COTTON. 



Table III. — Sources of the cotton supply of Great Britain for ten years, 
1806 to 1815, inclusive, (packages.) 





United States. 


Brazil. 


East Indies. 


W. Indies, &c. 


Total. 


1806 


124, 939 

171, 267 

37, 672 

160, 180 

246, 759 

128, 192 

95, 331 

37, 720 

48, 853 

203, 051 


51,034 
18, 981 
50, 442 
140, 927 
142, 286 
118, 514 
98, 704 
137, 168 
150, 930 
91, 055 


7,787 
11,409 

12, 512 
35, 764 
79, 382 
14, 646 

2,607 
1, 429 

13, 048 
22, 357 


77, 978 
81,010 
67, 512 
103, 511 
92, 186 
64, 879 
64, 563 
73, 219 
74, 800 
52, 840 


261, 738 


1807 - 


282, 667 


1808 


168, 138 


1809 


440, 382 
560, 613 


1810 


1811 


326, 231 


1812 


261, 205 
249, 536 


1813 


1814 


287, 631 


1815 


369, 303 






Total 


1, 253, 964 


1, 000, 041 


200, 941 


752, 498 


3 207,444 







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86 



PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



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88 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX P. 

COTTON SPINNING IN THE UNITED STATES. 

[La filature du coton des Etats Urns.] 

"Apres l'Angleterre viennent, coinme importance clans Pindustrie du 
coton, les Etats Unis, qui comptent aujourd'kui pres de 8,000,000 de 
broches. 

Les renseignements statistiques que nous avons pu nous procurer et 
tirer des publications du Congres sont moms precis que ceux que nous 
possedons sur les autres pays. 

La filature du coton date, en Amerique, de 1824 seulement ; Lowell, le 
Manchester Americain, possede des etablissements tres-importants qui, 
il y a quinze ans, ne comptaient encore que 5,500,000 broches ; mais, 
depuis la reconstitution de l'Union et l'elevation des tarifs protecteurs, 
le nombre des filatures tend a s'accroitre rajfidement, et avant peu les 
Etas Unis auront plus de 8,000,000 de broches. 

D'apres des chiffres offlciels, 100,000,000 de kilogrammes de coton 
etaient, sur la recolte, conserves chaque annee en Amerique, alors qu'il 
n'y avait a alimenter que 5,500,000 broches ; aujourd'hui les Americain s 
doivent done en conserver 145,000,000, qui, convertis en fils de numeros 
generalement assez gros, suflisent a leur consommation et leur perinettent 
meme une exportation considerable dans 1' Amerique du Sud ; ils n'ont 
done a tirer de PAngleterre que les numeros plus fins." (From the Rap- 
ports du Jury International, Exposition Universette, de 1867.) 



COTTON. 



89 



APPENDIX GL 

EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM THE UNITED STATES. 

Table of exports of American cotton from the ports of the United States 
to Sweden and Norway, Russia and Spain, for the years ending 30th of 
June, from 1849 to 1867, inclusive, giving pounds and value. (Compiled 
from official records for Mr. Nourse.J 





SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 


RUSSIA. 


SPAIN. 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1849 


7, 030, 305 

3, 624, 123 
5, 160, 974 
5, 939, 025 
6,099,517 
9, 212, 710 
8, 428, 437 

17, 289, 637 

10, 038, 095 

4, 057, 593 

11, €32, 609 
11, 662, 859 

582, 831 


$482, 474 

412, 132 

571,616 

510, 103 

613, 857 

898, 926 

741, 278 

1, 652, 049 

1, 249, 042 

458, 776 

1, 268, 302 

1, 306, 071 

73, 822 


10, 650, 631 

4, 338, 705 
10, 098, 448 
10, 475, 168 
21, 286, 563 

2, 914, 954 
448, 897 

4, 643, 384 
31, 933, 534 
32, 110, 204 
43, 619, 863 
21, 698, 054 

4,251,273 


$852, 198 

540, 422 

1,297,164 

962, 346 

2, 254, 345 

301, 293 

48, 647 

514, 161 

4, 267, 234 
4, 122, 996 

5, 432, 422 
2, 644, 514 

543, .432 


23, 285, 804 
27, 676, 266 
34. 272, 625 
29, 301, 928 
36, 851,042 
25, 024, 074 
33, 071, 795 
58, 479, 179 
45, 557, 067 
39, 630, 463 
60, 522, 742 
44, 021, 833 
11, 155, 049 
582, 747 


$1, 527, 720 
3, 170, 086 
4, 387, 262 
2, 262, 195 


1850 * 


1851 


1852 


1853 


1854 


3, 683, 045 
3, 320, 134 
5, 841, 517 
6, 165, 751 


1855 


1856 


1857 


1858 


4, 862, 777 


1859 


7,222,908 


1860 


5, 268, 397 

1, 262, 136 

98, 411 


1861 


] 862 


1863-'65 










1866 


323, 380 


125, 845 


2, 685, 884 
5, 089, 784 


1, 065, 803 
1, 553, 995 


8, 815, 730 
11, 034, 094 


3, 802, 040 
3, 110, 838 


1867 









The above table was compiled for this work by the careful and accu- 
rate statistician of the New York Journal of Commerce. 

7 c 



90 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX H. 

COT'JM-GROWmG IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES-REPORT OF THE PRO- 
CEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. 

[From the London Times of December 26, 1868.] 

At the usual meeting of the executive committee, held Tuesday, Decem- 
ber 22, a letter was read from Dargeeling, Bengal Presidency, stating that 
the views which the writer expressed when in England six years ago, 
and which were founded upon personal experience during 12 years' res- 
idence in various parts of India, have since been fully confirmed, and 
that he is more than ever convinced of the possibility of securing a suc- 
cessful cotton field in India. New Orleans and Egyptian seed, can be 
advantageously cultivated in that portion of the Bengal Presidency with 
which he is connected, as he has satisfactorily proved ; and, he has no 
doubt, also in the neighboring districts of Doar Teraies, which contains 
hundreds of thousands of rich, unreclaimed acres, similar in soil and sub- 
soil, as shown by chemical analysis, to the cotton soils of Georgia and 
Alabama, and capable of yielding large future supplies of fine cotton. 
The natives, however, are so averse to change their rude agricultural 
system, and are so firmly attached to their patriarchal method of hus- 
bandry, that it is extremely difficult to persuade them to enhance the value 
of their crops by means of superior seed and a better mode of cultiva- 
tion. Moreover, the common country churka is not well adapted for 
cleaning New Orleans and Egyptian cotton, and they are therefore nat- 
urally disinclined to cultivate crops from foreign seeds, the produce of 
which, ungiuned, is actually of less local value than the crops from infe- 
rior indigenous seed. It was therefore resolved to send out, at the 
expense of the association, some gins to meet the exigency, as well as a 
fresh supply of New Orleans and Egyptian seed. A letter was received 
from Broach, stating that a prize list of the Broach exhibition, which 
was to opeD on the 22d of December, has been forwarded, and, conse- 
quently, that the medals and money offered by the association will be 
immediately awarded. A letter was read from the Cape of G-ood Hope, 
acknowledging a grant made by the association of seed, which has been 
publicly offered for distribution to all persons willing to give cotton cul- 
tivation a fair trial in the colony. The only article of export (wool) being 
very low in price in the home market, it has become necessary to try 
some other industry, and it is expected that self-interest will induce many 
to grow cotton largely, though the people are somewhat apathetic. His 
excellency the governor has taken an interest in the* subject, and it is 
hoped that government influence will have a beneficial effect upon the 
natives. All that is wanted to make the colony a valuable cotton-pro- 
ducing country is a little enterprise, and some capital judiciously ex- 
pended. A report, forwarded by the foreign office, upon the cultivation 
of cotton at Guayaua was received from Her Majesty's charge d'affaires 



COTTON. 91 

at Caracas, and a consular return from Bio Grande do Sul. In Venezue- 
lan Guayana, want of agricultural laborers, owing to a scanty population 
and the discovery of rich gold fields, are, and will continue to be, the only 
hindrances to the extensive cultivation of cotton in this state. Vene- 
zuelan Guayana offers to the cotton planter all the advantages that could 
be desired — an immense territory traversed by navigable rivers and 
streams, which facilitate the means of transport, abundance of' excellent 
pasturage and agricultural lands, and well-distributed seasons for sow- 
ing and picking. Cuidad Bolivar, the capital of the state, is the only 
port on the Orinoco for embarcation, and every facility exists for stor- 
ing and shipping produce. The local tax on cotton amounts to 100 cents, 
and the export duty to 80 cents per 100 pounds. The cotton shipped from 
this port to Liverpool, New York, Hamburg, and Bremen, is brought, 
from the adjacent states, but principally from the state of Zamoza, 
(Varinas.) The cotton exported during the year to the above-mentioned 
ports amounts to 225,400 pounds, and the stock on hand to 1,024 bales 
of 100 pounds. In the province of Bio Grand do Sid cotton cultivation 
has proved unsuccessful. Though the plant was not uncommon in many 
gardens and fields, where it grew spontaneously, no cotton previous to 
the American war was raised for export. In the year 1864, its cultiva- 
tion on an extended scale was commenced by Mr. John Proudfoot ; he 
sent to Scotland for laborers, and introduced the most modern and 
approved agricultural implements, as well as quantities of foreign or 
exotic seeds. This seed he distributed gratuitously to every person who 
would accept it, and he agreed to purchase, at remunerative rates, all the 
cotton they could raise. His exertions and outlay were not, however, 
successful ; the laborers he brought out were novices in the science of 
cotton cultivation, equally with the natives of the country. It was an 
experiment begun by people having no practical experience; various mis- 
takes were made in consequence, and to this may be attributed, in a great 
measure, the failure of cotton cultivation in this province. In the Ger- 
man colonies very little cotton is now planted ; as long as other agricul- 
tural produce obtains such high prices as hitherto, cotton will be neg- 
lected as an article of export. In these colonies a good deal of flax is 
produced and spun. Many of the colonists wear home-made clothing. 
The climate is considered better adapted for flax than for cotton. 



APPENDIX I. 

NOTICE OF ERRONEOUS COTTON STATISTICS. 

The following extract is from DeBow's " Industrial Besources of the 
Southern and Western States, vol. 1, p. 216 : 

" It has already been stated in a former part of this work that Massa- 
chusetts is the principal manufacturing State in this country. An act 



92 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



was passed by the senate and house of representatives of that State, in 
1837, for the purpose of obtaining' ' statistical information in relation to 
certain branches of industry within the commonwealth.' The following- 
table is copied from the report of the secretary of the commonwealth, 
which he prepared from the returns of the assessors in the various towns 
and cities in the State : 

Statement of the cotton manufactures in twelve of the States in 1831. 



States. 



Capital. 



Number of Yards of cloth 
spindles. jproducedy'rly 



Pounds cloth Pounds cotton 
produced y'rly consumedy'rly 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts... 
Rhode Island. .. 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. .. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

Total 



$765, 000 

5, 300. COO 
295, 500 

12,891,000 

6, 262, 340 

2, 825, 000 

3, 669, 500 

2, 027, 644 

3, 758, 500 
. 384, 000 

2, 144, 000 
290, 000 



40,612,984 



6,500 
113, 776 

12, 392 
339, 777 
235, 753 
115, 528 
157, 316 

62, 979 
120. 810 

24, 806 

47 222 
9,844 



1,750,000 
29, 060, 500 

2, 238, 400 
79,231,000 
31, 121, 68J 

20, 055, 500 

21, 010, 910 
5, 133, 776 

21, 332, 467 

5, 203, 746 

7, 649, 000 

675, 000 



525, 000 
7, 255, 060 

574, 500 
21, 301, 062 
9, 271, 481 
5, 612, 000 
5, 297, 713 
1, 877, 418 
4, 207, 192 
1,201,500 
2, 224, 000 

168,000 



588, 500 
7, 845, 000 

760, 000 
24, 871, 981 
10, 414, 578 

6, 777, 209 

7, 661, 670 
5, 832, 204 
7,111,174 
1, 435, 000 
3, 008, 000 
1, 152, 000 



1,240,703 | 230,461,990 



59, 514, 926 



77, 457, 316 



"The preceding table shows the extent of the cotton manufacture in. 
the United States in 1831 ; since that time there has been a considerable 
increase." 

It will be observed that the foregoing extract from DeBow purports 
to give the statistics of the cotton manufactures in 12 States in 1831, 
from the returns made by the assessors in the various towns and 
cities in the State of Massachusetts in obedience to a law passed in 1837. 

The apparent incongruity may have occurred by a mistake in arrange- 
ment. But there are errors in the table which cannot be excused, and 
indicate that it was made up from random estimates without proper data. 

The present average number of yarn is 27£ ; in 1831 it was not prob- 
ably finer than No. 18. The present average consumption of cotton per 
spindle is 05 pounds; and in the southern States, on an average of about 
No. 13 yarn, it is 138 pounds per spindle each year; the number of spin- 
dles employed and pounds of cotton consumed in 1831, according to the 
table, allow only G2£ pounds per spindle, or less than the present rate ; 
spinning, 50 per cent, finer. 

The difference between the pounds of cotton consumed and the pounds 
of cloth and yarn produced should be the " waste'- in working. With 
medium grades of cotton, producing medium goods, the waste now would 
be about 10 per cent. In 1831 it was probably 20 per cent. In Mr. De 
Bow's table the waste in 1831 was shown to be, in New Hampshire, 7J 
per cent.; in Maine, 10 per cent.; in New York, 30 per cent. ; in Pennsyl- 



COTTON. 93 

vania, 40 per cent. ; in New Jersey, 67 per cent. ; in Virginia, 85 per cent. 
As only pounds of cloth are stated in the table for production, some 
allowances should be made for yarn produced and sold unwoven ; but 
this would furnish a correction only in the cases of excessive waste, for 
it would aggravate the error when the waste is too small already ; aud 
then Mr. He Bow appends, below the table quoted, auother one, in which 
he gives the number of looms employed in 1831 as 33,433, equal to one 
for each 37 spindles, quite enough to weave all the yarn produced, even 
if the waste was less. ~ l 



APPENDIX K. 

LIST OF PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS OF COTTON AND OF THE AWARDS. 

ENGLAND — MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. 

The collection of samples of cotton from the localities mentioned in 
the list given on page 9, was made and exhibited by the Manchester 
Cotton Supply Association. It comprised samples from most of the 
cotton-producing countries, and from nearly all of the sources mentioned 
in the catalogue appended to the report of the International Jury. — (See 
Appendix L.) 

EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES. 

Alabama, State of. — Samples of cotton. Silver medal and honorable 

mention. 
Hodgson, J., Alabama. 
Humphries, John 0., parish of Bapides, Louisiana. — Samples of cotton. 

Bronze medal. 
Illinois Central Bailroad Company. — Hemp, flax, cotton, and 

tobacco. Silver medal. 
Johnson, C. G., New Orleans, Louisiana. — Specimen of cotton ; in the 

Louisiana cottage. 
Maginnis, A. A., New Orleans, Louisiana. — Cotton seeds. 
Meyer, Victor, parish of Concordia, Louisiana. — Sample of cotton. 

Gold medal. 
Missouri, State of. — Cotton, hemp, cashmere wool. 
Oglesby, J. H., New Orleans, Louisiana. 
Townsend, J., Edisto Island, South Carolina. — Specimen of fine sea 

island cottou. 
Trager, Louis, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana. — Samples of cotton. 

Gold medal. 
Wells, J. M., parish of Bapides, Louisiana. 



94 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

EXHIBITORS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. 

We have not space to name in detail the exhibitors from other countries, 
who were very numerous. There were 20 from Greece; 35 from Italy; 
50 from Turkey and other parts of the Ottoman Empire; 60 from Algeria, 
(in which Kabyle and Arab names mingle with French names;) and 
goodly numbers from Egypt, Brazil, British India, China, Hawaii, the 
South American Kepublics, the colonies of Spain, Portugal, England, 
France, and other countries in Europe; from nearly all the South Sea 
islands, Polynesia, the islands of the Indian ocean, and all the coasts of 
Africa, Asia, &c. 

Contrasted with all these, the samples from the United States were 
insignificant in number and quality, as they were unworthy to represent 
the principal source of the commercial cotton supply of the world. It 
must, therefore, have been rather of courtesy than of right, rather 
of prior knowledge of the true position of our country in the produc- 
tion of cotton, than of evidences presented at the Exposition, that such 
liberal recognition of exhibitors from the United States was made in 
the distribution of recompenses. 

LIST OP AWARDS. 

[Exhibitors of long staple cotton marked.*] 

Grand prize. — To Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, British 
India, Italy. 

Gold medals. — To L. Trager, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana, United 
States; Victor Meyer, Concordia, Louisiana, United States; Masquelia 
fils et Cie., * Saint Denis du Sig., Algeria; Towns, *Brisbaue, Queens- 
land, Australia. 

Silver medals. — To Herzog, *Oran, (province of) Algeria; L. 
Dacosta,* Bio Grande du Sud., Brazil ; The State of Alabama, United 
States; Sideri, Naples, Italy. 

Bronze medals. — To *Davis, Queensland, Australia; to *Dufourg, 
Biskra, Algeria; to *Fleury, Heunaya, Algeria; to*Ferre, Oran, Algeria; 
to *Soarez & Cie, Tahiti, French colonies ; to *Winter, Guiana, English 
colonies ; to Davies, Cumana, Venezuela ; to J. C. Humphries, Louisiana, 
United States ; to Dodero, Barcelona, Spain ; to The Baroness Camo- 
rata, Scorazzo, Italy; to Basetto Fisola, Venice, Italy; to Senoval, 
Porto Bico, Spanish Antilles ; to Cabrera, Porto Pico, Spanish Antilles ; 

to Ali Pacha, , Egypt ; to Pic aine, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; 

to John Proudfoot, Eio Grande, Brazil. 

Honorable mention. — To * Winter, Guiana, English colonies; to 
*Bellecote, Bone, Algeria; to *Dante, Oran, Algeria; to * Goulard, Constan- 
tine, Algeria; to *Guieysse, Algiers, Algeria; to * Jacques, Elezane, Alge- 
ria; to *Laquiere,Boue, Algeria; to *Lescure, Oran, Algeria; to *Vallier, 
Lac Halloula, Algeria; to *Viret,Dellys, Algeria; to *Cordier,LaBassau- 
ta, Algeria; to *Chuffart, Oued-el Haleugh, Algeria; to *Goussons, Oued- 



COTTON. 95 

el-Haleugh, Algeria ; to*Sebourt, Saint-Denis-du-Sig., Algeria; to*Sceurs 
Saint Bernard, Saint-Denis-du-Sig, Algeria; to *Halla.ire, Italy; to*Bar- 
bolace, Calabria ; to *F. L. Davis, Venezuela ; to *Panton, Queensland, 
English colonies ; to *Orr, Queensland, English colonies ; to *P. F. Fair- 
burn, British Guiana, English colonies ; to *Leroux, Preville, Martinique, 
French colonies ; to *Albert, Preville, Martinique, French colonies ; to 
*Bonneville, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Bonnet, Guadaloupe, 
French colonies ; to *Monegre, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Heil- 
mann, Senegal, French colonies ; to *N'Gour Coumba N'Dar, Senegal, 
French colonies ; to * John Gregor, New South Wales, English colonies ; 
to J. L. Michael, 'New, South Wales, English colonies ; to Ensworth, 
New South Wales, English colonies ; to O. B. Zanellia, New South 
Wales, English colonies ; to Sub-Conmiission of Lecco, Italy ; to 
Jourdon, Naples, Italy; to Societe Cipontine, (Bro's Menzini,) Italy; to 
Don Emmanuel Lisi, Italy ; to Grossi, Italy ; to Gallozzi Freres, 
Naples, Italy ; to Gamier, Duvivier, Algeria ; to State of Alabama, 
United States; to Achmet Bey, Salonica, Turkey; to Adolphe Eunge, 
Porto Eico, Brazil ; to Almeida, Mossamedes, Portuguese colonies ; to 
Botelho, Novo Eotundo, Portuguese colonies ; to Alvez, Mozambique, 
Portuguese colonies ; to Xavier, Pangein, Portuguese colonies ; to Count 
d'Audlau, Martinique, French colonies ; to Abbe Granger, Guadaloupe, 
French colonies ; to Beauperthuy, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to 
Goyriena, French Guiana, French colonies ; to Arda d'Elteil, Senegal, 
French colonies ; to Fritz Kocchlin, Senegal, French colonies ; to 
Touaris Freres, Reunion, French colonies ; to Lopez de Oliveira, Saint 
Paul, Brazil; to Mavanhas, Brazil; to Jose Barboza, Brazil; to Le 
Marechal del Duero, Spain ; to the Viceroy, Egypt ; to Francois, 
Tournabene, Catania, Italy ; to Jardin Botanique de Naples, Italy ; to 
Hortoles fils, Montpellier, France ; to Lacan, Calvi, France. 



96 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX L. 

REPORT UPON THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON. 

BY M. ENGEL DOLLFUS, MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. 

[Translated from Volume VI of the "Rapports du Jury International." x ] 

I. PEODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON BEFOEE 
AND AFTEE THE WAE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

It would be difficult to fiud in the annals of industry a situation so 
threatening and perilous as that which the prospect of a prolonged war 
in the United States offered to industrial Europe in the year 18G0. 

The fate of the most important of our industries was regarded with 
increasing anxiety at the thought of seeing the almost exclusive sources 
of cotton supply exhausted ; especially in England, where the manufac- 
ture of cotton employs directly 400,000 to 500,000 persons in 2,715 estab- 
lishments, containing 28,000,000 spindles and 368,000 looms, the danger 
causing inoccupations of the gravest nature to agitate the public mind. 

Thought had been given many times to the terrible contingency of a 
scarcity of this raw material. The continued extension of its consump- 
tion ; the possibility of a conflict with the United States ; the conscious- 
ness of a dependence so exclusive, which might chance at any moment 
to give to foreign policy a direction hardly conformable to the demands 
of national self-respect ; and finally a very active desire to promote colo- 
nial production, and particularly that of India, had, since 1858, led Eng- 
land to study the means of escaping a monopoly which might become a 
real danger to that country. 

These sentiments had found their most characteristic expression in the 
formation of an association for the development of the cultivation of cot- 
ton, 2 (Cotton Supply Association of Manchester ,) a vigilant forerunner, 

1 It is the cause of much regret that by a series of misfortunes I was deprived of the vol- 
ume (sixieme) of the " Rapports du Jury International de l'Exposition Universelle de 1867, 
a Paris," which contained the jury report upon the production of cotton, while writing the 
report of our commission upon that topic, and did not see it until my work had gone to press. 
This fact will explain, what otherwise might seem discourteous, the absence in that work of 
all reference to the interesting report by M. Dollfus. 

For the satisfaction of our readers, especially the American planters, a translation of the 
jury report, with its statistics, is here given almost entire. — B. F. N. 

2 The Cotton Supply Association was founded in 1856. Its object, to use its own expres- 
sion, is to develop as soon as possible,, and by all sorts of means, the fitness of countries 
other than the United States to produce cotton, and it has energetically performed this duty. 
A voluntary subscription to meet its expenses was raised for 18ti6-'67 to 42,000 francs, which 
amount was expended in the purchase of seeds and gins for distribution in the distant 
countries ; in the printing of information and advice to planters ; in the getting-up of peti- 
tions to obtain or hasten the construction of means of communication, and other great works 
in India ; and in the expenses of administration and correspondence. 

An idea can be formed of the extent of the relations of the association by the figures of 



COTTON. 



97 



possessing in the highest degree the energy, the capacity, and the activity 
of association, produced spontaneously in England, when great difficul- 
ties are to be conquered; but until 1860 they had not obtained « effect- 
ive" results, because public opinion was but partially interested. 

It is difficult, indeed, to make foresight concur with the logic of eco- 
nomical laws, when applied to prediction of events contingent, or at least 
to the accidental. The most justifiable fears, the most urgent appeals 
had to remain unheeded in view of the moderate cost of cotton from the 
United States ; based upon excellence in qualities, advantage of prox- 
imity, and the habits of daily exchange mutually favorable. 

The crises of 1861-'65 found England and the continent unprepared ; 
the markets, it is true, held over large stocks from the two most produc- 
tive cotton seasons which had ever occurred, 1 but were without visible 
resources for replacing them. 

The first efforts which had been made for the development of cotton 
culture could not be fruitful in important results. Very rarely bad the 
stocks in the ports been more considerable, 3 and the uncertainties 
relative to the duration of the strife, the inexperience in the matters of 
culture, the habit of dependence upon another routine, and the very 
natural idea that the most favorable lands for cotton-growing had been 
already occupied, could not fail to be the attendants of this beginning. 

Changes of crops and methods of culture are accomplished very slowly 
and with caution ; they are consequently unfit to satisfy new and sudden 
wants. Besides, the culture of cotton is one of the most delicate ; there 
are few plants which have so many enemies; there are few which depend 
so much upon the experience of the planter, the climate, and the nature 
of the soil. What more natural than the hesitations which marked the 
years 1861 and 1862? 

The years 1863 and 1864 witnessed more commendable and more deci- 
sive efforts everywhere ; industry, in spite of its distress, found capital 
available for the promotion of cotton-planting and for advances to plant- 
ers. Companies were formed, but these attempts, very limited in view 
of the object sought to be obtained, and impeded by divers circum- 
stances, attained nowhere a magnitude to compensate for, or neutralize 
the effects of, the enormous deficiency which existed in the supply from 

J, 140 letters and appeals for information received in 1867, from the following countries: 
India, Java, New South Wales, Queensland, Feeje, Friendly islands, Navigators' islands, 
Hayti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Tobago, and other parts of the West Indies ; Brazil, Argentine 
Eepublic, Peru, and other parts of South and Central America; English Caffraria, Cape 
Coast, Algeria, Syria, Egypt, Bursa, Belgrade, Beyroot, Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, 
Latakia, Bagdad, Scutari, Jaffa, Caifa, Greece, Ionian islands, Russia, Trieste, Vienna, 
Genoa, Turin, Naples, Terranova ; that is to say, its relations embrace the whole world 

i Crop of the United States, 1859-'60 4, 662, 000 bales. 

Crop of the United States, 1860 -'61 - 3, 656, 000 bales. 

2 Stocks in the ports : 

• , rt S Po^s in America, September 1 , 1 859-'60 1 , 472, 000 bales. 

End of the season, j portg in Europe) October 1, 1860-'61 ..1, 102,000 bales. 



98 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



the United States. We then saw the prices of cotton, after a short 
period of hesitation, rise successively under the impulse of immense 
speculations, since dearly expiated, and attain their highest range in 
October, 1863, at the price of 29 J pence (or 3.09 f. 1 ) per pound for mid- 
dling New Orleans at Liverpool, and 3.85 f. for bas Louisiana at Havre — 
that is to say, prices more than four times their normal value. 

Here are shown the fluctuations or average prices in each year of New 
Orleans middling cotton at Liverpool, according to Messrs. Hollings- 
head & Co. : 

From October 1 to September 30. 



Years. 



1853-'54 
1854-'55 
1855-'56 
1856-'57 
1857-'58 
1858-'59 
1859-'60 
1S60-'61 



Francs per 


Pence per 


kilog. 


pound. 


1.30 


5.60 


1.31 


5.63 


1.39 


6. 


1.80 


7.80 


1.65 


7.14 


1.63 


7.03 


1.53 


6.61. 


1.77 


7.68 



Years. 



1861-'62 

1862-'63 

1863-'64 

1864-'65 

1865-'66 

1866-'67 

1867, (October) 



Francs per 
kilog. 



3.43 
5.34 
6.67 
4.73 
4.06 



Pence per 
pound. 



14.81 
23.04 
28.38 
20.47 
17.53 
12.85 
8.50 



See, again, the extreme prices of bas Louisiana in Havre at different 
periods : 

Approximate prices per 50 kilograms at Havre. 



Years. 


Lowest, in 
francs. 


Highest, in 
francs. 


Years. 


Lowest, in 
francs. 


Highest, in 
francs. 


1860 


82 

94 

145 

245 


103 
150 
160 
385 


1864 

1865 


310 
190 
165 


382 


1861 


343 


1862 


1866 


257 


1863 







It does not come within the scope of this note to develop the gradual 
and fatal consequences of an increase of price without precedent, plac- 
ing the calicoes and prints of the working classes at the high prices 
heretofore held by the finest tissues, inverting old relations by making 
Liverpool a market of supply for American manufacturers, 2 quadrupling 
the cost while unsettling the value of products, and monopolizing among 
the most privileged the inadequate resources available for preventing 
the partial or complete stoppage of thousands of industrial establish- 
ments. 



1 One has to look back to 1814 to find in England the price of 30 pence (or 3.15 f.) and to 
1806 in France to find that of 5 francs the kilogram. 

3 Re-exportation of cotton from Liverpool to the United States and Canada, 1863 : Ameri- 
can, 3,580,050 kilograms. Indian, and others, 2,937,150 kilograms. Total, 6,517,200 kilo- 
grams. 



COTTON. 99 

The phases of this crisis belong to the history of cotton manufacture, 
and we will notice only two features — the admirable resignation of the 
working class, deprived of work for want of cotton, and the brotherly 
assistance bestowed in England l and France by all classes of society ; 
the remarkable bearing of French industry, and particularly that of 
Alsace, 2 which has known how to keep constant activity in its work- 
shops. 

The object sought by our work should be to state the quantity of cot- 
ton available to-day for the general market in comparison with that 
received in 1860-'61, before the war in the United States, and to deter- 
mine, for each producing country of ancient or modern date, the part 
which it has contributed to the general supply during the last six years. 
We shall seek to establish these figures and complete them by a com- 
parison of the respective qualities and an exhibit of the prices at dif- 
ferent epochs of the exceptional period that we have under considera- 
tion. Before all we should make reservations as to the relative signifi- 
cation of some of our tables. Let it be understood that the quantities 
absorbed by consumption are not equal to the quantities produced, as 
expressed in statements of the crops. 

It is admitted that no positive idea exists of the actual production 
of cotton in India, the estimates of statisticians differing widely, some 
being twice as large as others. The consumption of that country itself 
is immense, and this consumption varies according to the price. The 
same facts are repeated in the Levant on a more limited scale. Italy 
itself, so near us, does not give the exact figure of its production. Eus- 
sia imports a certain quantity of cotton overland from Asia. 

On the other hand, to avoid the arbitrary estimates habitually given 
of the consumption in the American manufactories, we have for many 
years vainly sought to obtain the number of spindles worked in the 
United States. Hitherto unable to obtain this information, we were 
upon the eve of the decennial census, which perhaps would have in- 
structed us, when the war broke out. Under these circumstances atten- 
tion ought to be fixed less upon the production of the world than upon 
the importation in Europe. We will make it the basis of our deductions. 

The English statistics and those so remarkable which M. Ott Triim- 
pler, of Zurich, communicates so liberally to his friends, and of which 
we have made great use, are made out in bales of average number of 
pounds. We have adopted the same units, which will be converted into 
kilograms in all cases where this conversion will offer special interest. 

1 In England, where the factories were sooner and more generally stopped, 457,000 work- 
ers received help before the end of 1863. 

2 Forget not, especially, that if so many establishments in Alsace and other places were 
enabled, not without great sacrifices, to be exceptions to the common rule by continuing 
full work, it was only by the aid of the raw material left at their disposal by the equal 
standing still of other wheels of industry. 



100 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



Here follows the average of weights by pounds according to the 
Liverpool brokers, (the English pound equal to 0.4531 kilograms :) l 

Average weight of bales of cotton. 



Louisiana 

Mobile 

Georgia 

Florida 

Georgia, (sea ibland). 

Brazil 

Egypt 

East Indies 

China and Japan 

Other sorts 



Lbs. Eng. 



438 
493 
440 
499 
338 
180 
430 
380 



200 



198J 
223* 
199| } 
226 
153 J 
81£ 
195 
172 



90^- 



Lbs. Eng. 



160 
492 
375 
240 
230 



Kilo. 



701 
223 
170 
109 
104 



Lbs. Eng. 



174 
490 
370 
326 
230 



Kilo. 



79 
222 
167£ 
147* 

104 



Average tceights of all sorts imported into England. 



Pounds. 

1859 1 421 

1860 421 

1861 415 

1865-'66 365 

1866-'67 371 

Having these preliminaries adjusted we can proceed to our inquiry, 
applying it directly to the sorts other than those of the United States. 



Kilograms. 
190.75 
190.75 
188. 
165.35 
168.10 



II.— COTTONS OTHER THAN THOSE OP THE UNITED STATES. 



GENERAL IMPORTATION INTO EUROPE. 

Two seasons before the American war, (seasons from 1st October to 
30th September:) 





Bales 
in 1859-61. 


Bales 
in 1860-'61. 




700, 000 
292, 000 


782, 000 




276, 000 






Total 


992, 000 


1 058 000 







* These cottons were principally those of Brazil and West Indies, including a small portion (roni Hayti, 
Central America, and the South Seas. 

Average of the two years, 1,025,000 bales. 

In the face of a consumption which was then more than 4,000,000 
bales, the figures of 292,000 and 276,000 bales, averaging 284,000 bales, 
presented but a feeble interest. Let us see what they have become : 

1 These are the figures given in the original. It is usual to regard 0.4536 kilograms as the 
equivalent of the avoirdupois pound. 



COTTON. 
General importation into Europe of the same sorts : 
Importation, by bales, into Europe. 



101 



Bales 
in 1865-'66. 



Bales 
in 1866-'67. 



Cotton from India 

Cotton from Brazil 

Cotton from China and Japan 

Cotton from Egypt 

Other sorts, from Turkey, Italy, West Indies, Central America, South Seas-, Persia, 
Algeria, and Africa 

Total 



1, 992, 000 1, 524, 000 

518,000 481,000 

19,000 9,000 

248,000 228,000 



397, 000 



3, 174, 000 



359, 000 



2,601,000 






102 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 







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COTTON. 103 

The report of the jury of the Exposition at London estimated as fol- 
lows the consumption of Europe in 1860-'61 : 
Imported from — 

Kilograms. 

United States : 716, 000, 000 

East Indies 92, 000, 000 

Egypt 27, 000, 000 

West Indies 10, 000, 000 

Other sorts 5, 000, 000 



850, 000, 000 
or 4,388,000 bales, averaging, at 188 kilograms, 825,000,000 kilograms 
only. 

We proceed to put in comparison the European consumption in 
1861-62 and 1862-'63, the years when the least American was used and 
when consumption fell to its lowest point. 

Consumption 1861-'62, (applying the average weights of 1861 in the 
absence of others :) 

Kilograms. 
From the United States . . . 562, 000 bales, at 192 kil . . . 107, 900, 000 

From India, (East) 1, 090, 000 bales, at 172 kil . . . 187, 500, 000 

From Egypt 164, 000 bales, at 195 kil . . . 32, 000, 000 

From Brazil 122, 000 bales, at 82 kil ... 10, 000, 000 

Other sorts 55, 000 bales, at 90 kil ... 5, 000, 000 



1, 993, 000 bales ..:.... 342, 400, 000 

Consumption, 1862-'63 : 



From the United States . . . 133, 000 bales, at 192 kil . . 

From East Indies 1, 464, 000 bales, at 172 kil. . 

From Egypt 227, 000 bales, at 195 kil . . 

From Brazil 160, 000 bales, at 82 kil . . 

Other sorts 162, 000 bales, at 90 kil . . 



Kilograms. 
25, 500, 000 
251, 800, 000 
44, 200, 000 
13, 100, 000 
14, 600, 000 



2, 146, 000 bales 349, 200, 000 



See again the figures of 1866-'67, which indicate a well-marked turn 
back to the normal situation : 

Kilograms. 

From the United States. . . 1, 548, 000 bales, at 200 309, 600, 000 

From the Indies 1, 592, 000 bales, at 167^ 286, 600, 000 

From Egypt 315, 000 bales, at 222 47, 700, 000 

From Brazil 450, 000 bales, at 79 35, 500, 000 

Other sorts 342, 000 bales, at 104 ...... . 35,600,000 



4, 147, 000 bales, or 695, 000, 000 

at 168 kilograms, average would be 696,700,000 kilograms. 

To complete this statistical exhibit, without pretending to be rigor- 
ously exact, which is impossible, but at least with a sufficient degree of 



104 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



approximation, we will give here the analysis of the 368,000 bales of 
other kinds than those of the following countries : America, the Indies, 
Brazil and Egypt, imported to Europe from the 1st October, 18G6, to the 
30th September, 1867, viz : Importations in England, 153,000 bales ; 
importations direct to the continent, 225,000 bales ; total 378,000 bales, 
from which to deduct 10,000 bales re-exported from the continent to 
England. (The cottons of Naples and Sicily, which remain in the places 
of production, or which went to other parts of Italy by Genoa and Leg- 
horn, do not appear in this table.) 

IMPORTATIONS INTO EUROPE, 1866-'67. 

Analysis of the 368,000 bales of other sorts. 



From — 


Ports of 
England. 


French 
ports. 


Other ports 
of the con- 
tinent. 


From — 


Ports of 
England. 


French 

ports. 


Other ports 
of the con- 
tinent. 




Bales. 
53, 000 
43, 000 
28, 000 


Bales. 
14, 000 
20, 000 
77, 000 
6,000 


Bales. 




Bales. 


Bales. 

4,000 


Bales. 




44, 000 

58, 000 

2,000 


China and Japan. 
Total 


19, 000 




Persia and Malta. . 






143, 000 


121, 000 


104, 000 









From the preceding tables we have the following results : 

1. That the total consumption of Europe, stated at 850,000,000 of 
kilograms for 1860-'61, is reduced, by the effect of high prices, to 
349,000,000 kilograms in 1862-'63, and to 312,000,000 kilograms for 
1861-'62, which, taking the average of these two quantities, shows a 
diminution of 505,000,000 of kilograms, or nearly 60 per ceutum of the 
consumption in the normal year 1860-'61. It has again risen to 
691,000,000 for the year 1866->67, which shows a diminution yet of 
156,000,000 of kilograms, or 18 percentum below that of 1860-'61. 

2. That the quantities which have been contributed to the general 
supply by the countries formerly productive and those of new and acci- 
dental culture during the two years since the war, lS65-'66 and 1866-'67, 
amounted to only 31 per cent, of the consumption during the two nor- 
mal years 1859- ? 60 and 1860-'61 before the war, thus : 

Countries formerly producing cotton — 

Kilograms. 

20 per cent., India. 169, 500, 000 

3 per cent., Brazil 27, 000, 000 

3£ per cent., Egypt 29, 500, 000 

226, 000, 000 
Countries newly producing — 
4^ per cent.. . .' 38, 000, 000 

Total 261,000,000 



COTTON. 105 

or 31 per cent, of the consumption in the normal year 1860-'61, of which 
26£ per cent, from old cotton-producing countries, 4£ per cent, from 
countries where the culture is accidental or wholly new. 

It should be noted that we have included among the countries of acci- 
dental or irregular culture the Levant, Italy, Malta, Persia, West Indies, 
Algeria, Spain even, and many other countries which, before the seces- 
sion war,, contributed their quota, more or less, according to the course 
of the day, to the supply of the European markets. 

A more minute analysis exhibiting the extent of the temporary capa- 
city of supply by the countries not usually productive, and the rank of 
those (other than the United States, India, Brazil and Egypt) which 
contributed to the supply of the 368,000 bales imported into Europe in 
1866-'67, is given in the official table, placed in the order following : 

Bales 

Turkey, Greece, Persia, Malta, Italy, &c 171, 000 

West Indies and Central America ■ 107, 000 

Peru 67, 000 

China and Japan 19, 000 

Algeria 4, 000 

368, 000 
which arrangement assigns to the Levant the first rank among the 
countries of secondary production. 

To sum up, we find that British India has brought the most effective 
aid to Europe in her distress, and that this aid, or excess of their usual 
exportation, has only been the equivalent of 20 per cent, of the normal 
consumption of Europe, the remaining 11 per cent, being furnished in 
three nearly equal parts by Brazil, Egypt, and the countries where cot- 
ton culture is new. 

This proves, in the matter of cotton-growing, that if the productive 
faculties seem to be in some sort indefinite with the stimulant of high 
prices and the infinite areas which remain accessible to this culture, time 
(that is to say, a sustained confidence in the maintenance of these high 
prices and the delays inseparable from a culture both difficult and touch- 
ing, under certain relations to industry, the important process of clean- 
ing from seed) is an element with which it is necessary to reckon — more, 
even, than with the success of the plant itself and that which it will 
always carry, whatever may be done — the inevitable hindrances to the 
restoration of an equilibrium too rudely broken. 

III.— STATISTICS OF PRODUCING COUNTRIES. 

In the second part of this report we shall follow summarily the coun- 
tries which are the principal producers of cotton, in the different phases 
of their culture, before and after the war, in giving, with the indications 
of the prices of these last years, some details upon the qualities of the 
products. 
8 c 



106 



PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



A general table, recapitulating- the production for these last years of 
cotton dearth, will end our work. 



UNITED STATES. 



The American statistics have naturally been interrupted by the war. 

We borrow the following figures, which offer some interest in spite of 

tbe vacancies, from the Circular of Mr. Win. P. Wright, of New York: 

Statistics of production and consumption in the United States. 





Apparent 
crop. 


Consumption 
in the north. 


Consumption 
elsewhere. 


Total consump- 
tion in the 
United States. 


186u'-'67 


Bales. 

1, 9951, 988 

2, 151, 043 

3, 786, 986 

4, 675, 770 


Bales. 

* 573, 367 

540, 652 

650, 557 

762, 521 


Bales. 
280, 672 
126, 640 
193, 383 
185, 522 


Bales. 

854 039 


1865-'66 


667, 292 


1860-'6L....' I 


843, 740 
978, 043 


1859-'60 







*Mr. Wright's figures follow the tables of the New York Shipping List, which, in its division of the Ameri- 
can consumption in 1866-67, erred by assigning to the northern consumption 135,000 bales less than the actual, 
and a corresponding excess to the consumption elsewhere.— B. r. N. 

By these figures it may be seen what a terrible shock the American 
culture received (fallen, they say, to 500,000 bales for 1863-'64, and 
300,000 for 1864-'65) since the crop formerly supplied an annual average 
of 4,000,000 bales ; that it attained in 1866-'67 to only 2,000,000 of bales, 
and that it is estimated at only 500,000 bales more for the following 
season. 

Let us state that the beautiful long staples of Georgia have wholly 
disappeared from the market. The classes 1, 2, 3, are completely ex- 
hausted, and as the islands of Georgia and Carolina, alone capable of 
producing the most beautiful kinds, have been from the first devastated 
throughout, it is probable that the fine specimens, results of a culture 
wholly artificial and of seed selected of the best, year after year, will not 
be restored for two or three years. The manufacture has, however, 
known how to satisfy its necessities by spinning the grades less fine; but 
the prices, 80 to 100 pence the pound English, (24 francs the gross kilo- 
gram,) paid for the choice Georgia sea island cotton, will not the less 
remain a testimony of an unheard-of and exceptional penury. 

BRITISH INDIA. 

A memorial address by the Cotton Supply Association of Manchester 
gives the following details: the sum paid to India for cotton has risen 
from less than 8g,000,000 francs in 1860 to more than 705,600,000 francs 
in 1864 ; more than 630,000,000 francs were paid to India in 1865, and 
more than 636,000,000 in 1866. 



COTTON. 
Here we give the comparison of productions : 

GREAT BRITAIN ONLY. 

Five years before the tear. 



107 



Year. 


Importation. 


Official value. 


1 856 


Bales. 
463, 000 
680, 500 
361, 000 
510, 700 
563, 200 


Pounds. 
3, 572, 000 
5, 458, 000 
2,970,000 
3, 939, 000 
3, 373, 000 


Francs. 
89, 300, 000 


1857 


136, 450, 000 
74, 250, 000 
98 475 000 


1858 


1859 


I860 












3, 862, 000 


96 575 000 











Five years following the beginning of the tear. 





Importation. 


Official value. 


1861 


Bales. 
986, 000 
■ 1, 072, 439 
1, 223, 700 
1, 399, 500 
1, 266, 520 


Pounds. 
9, 459, 000 
22, 042, 000 
34, 700, 661 
38, 214, 723 
25, 005, 856 


Francs. 
261, 475, 000 
551, 050, 000 
867, 516, 525 
955, 368, 075 
625, 146, 400 


1862 


1863 


1864 


1865 




Making an annual average of 




25, 884, 646 











Prices were quoted as follows at Liverpool for fair Dhollera, (Hollins- 
head's Circular) for the kilogram, and in francs : 1859-'60, 0.46 francs ; 
1860-'61, 0.57 francs; 1861-'62, 1.03 francs; 1862-'63, 1.83 francs ; 1863-'64, 
2.45 francs ; 1864-'65, 1.47 francs ; 1865-'66, 1.42 francs ; 1866-'67, 1.06 
francs. 

According to the Annales du Commerce Fxterieur, the importations of 
India cottons direct to France have been, in — 

Metrical tons, 

I860 ."....' 1,828 

1861 2,407 

1862 2,989 

1863 9,339 

1864 12,617 

1865 9,645 

Added to which should be all the cotton (Indian) received from London, 
from Liverpool, and by transit for Switzerland and the Zollverein, the 
figures of which we have not at hand. 



108 



PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



Of cotton from India consumed. 



By all 

Europe. 



By Eng- 
land. 



By the con- 
tinent. 



1859- 60 
1862-'63 
18G6-'67 



Bales. 
592, 000 
1, 464, 000 
1, 592, 000 



Bales. 
207, 000 
905, 000 
815, 000 



385, 000 
559, 000 
777, 000 



The samples of cotton from the Indies, grown from American and 
Egyptian seed, have, in several experiments, proved that with more care 
and better processes of culture, India can realize vast progress in the 
improvement of qualities. 

A considerable step has been taken in many districts j they will be 
still more decisive because of the appointment of agricultural commis- 
sioners who know the language of the country and the character of the 
natives. Already the government of India has named one for the dis- 
tricts of the central provinces and the Berars, and it is a question of 
extending the same measure to the presidency of Madras, including 
Coimbatore, and at Scinde for the parts more to the north. 

English industry, by its variety of manufactures, has, more than that 
of France, the opportunity to use profitably the cottons of India in their 
imperfect state, as well as when properly cleaned, as they may appear 
in market ; however, thanks to improved machinery, a rapid and con- 
siderable progress has at the same time been made in our country in the 
use of these common sorts, and we believe that their use advantageously 
acquired will continue, and, to a certain degree, aid the establishments 
producing coarse fabrics. 

[The remainder of the section treating of the cotton culture in India 
is devoted to a description of the public works for irrigation — " Grands 
travaux d'irrigation" — and an enthusiastic statement of their actual and 
possible benefits for both transportation and irrigation. Want of space 
compels its omission here.] 

eg-ypt. 

The importation of this excellent sort of cotton, suitable for the spinning 
of numbers of yarn, fine and half fine, (from 50 to 120) but often used for 
medium numbers, (28 to 40,) in consequence of the scarcity of American 
cotton, had been as follows in Europe before the war : 

Bales. 

1856-'57 204,000 

1857-'58 124,000 

1858-'59 159,000 

1859-'60 266,000 

Annual average 188,250 bales, of 430 pounds English, (195 kilo- 
grams)=36,660,000 kilograms. 



COTTON. 109 

We have seen the consumption of Europe raised successively to — 

Bales. 

1862-'63 227,000 

1863-'64 124,000 

1864-'65 ..- 374,000 

of 490 pounds, English, (222 kilograms) 83,000,000 kilograms. 

England is said to have received 365,000 hundred- weight, English, in 
1861, or 18,250,000 kilograms, against 1,580,000 hundred-weight, English, 
in 1865, or 79,000,000 kilograms. 

These remarkable results were due to the natural richness of the soil, 
and to the propitious measures decreed by the Viceroy ; exemption from 
contributions for the new lands devoted to the culture of cotton, gifts of 
seeds, grants of the use of the steam-ploughs and other perfected agricul- 
tural machines, employment of better gins, all had been put to work for 
the encouragement of this cultivation. But it is only necessary to say 
that the first power moving this important increase had been, there as 
elsewhere, the high price of this raw material. FairEgyptain ("jumel 
fair") which was worth in Liverpool, the principal market for its import- 
ation, 1 franc 96 centimes the kilogram in January, 1861, rose to 6 francs 
80 centimes in October, 1863. There was in this extraordinary advance 
a premium which could not but stimulate the production ; it has been 
indeed greatly developed, but it would have been much more so without 
the epidemic which ravaged the country in 1865-'66. 

The quality of the staple varies from one season to another, and 
depends much in the whole crop upon the general conditions that may 
favor or impede the plant to the time of its maturity ; the finer and 
higher the quality sought to be produced, the more it is subject to these 
variations. With this reservation it may be admitted that, contrary to 
what often happens, the extension of this culture and coincidently that 
of the relative production by " feddan," the agrarian measure (or divis- 
ion of lands) of Egypt have not impaired the quality of cotton there. 
The effect of the epidemic in 1865-'66 was shown in the temporary low- 
ering of the quality; but on the other hand, the perfected cotton-gins of 
Piatt had given to consumption a better cleaned material properly 
handled, (that is, without broken staples; and the use of these gins is 
made so common by the erection of vast establishments for their con- 
struction, that the McCarthy gin is no longer found in market,) which 
indicates for this operation a marked superiority over the same grade 
cleaned by the Egyptian mill or by the roller gin, these means of clean- 
ing the cotton from the seed being now the exception. * * 

BEAZIL. 

We designate under this generic name cottons of diverse qualities and 
values, which, by the use of different methods of cleaning from the seed, 
are rendered even more dissimilar in market. Taking the crops through- 
out, the cotton of Brazil (the types of which have heretofore been repre- 



110 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

sented by the Baliia and Pernainbuco cottons) have rather depreciated 
in value. One seldom fears to employ the saw-gin to obtain a mistaken 
economy /roin the expenses of cleaning saved, and a larger net weight, 
without ceasing, on the other hand, to leave in the cotton, as cleaned by 
other processes, a certain proportion of seeds which the buyer takes for 
cotton. We hope this last abuse will cease. 

The sorts of Brazilian cotton which come upon the European markets, 
are the Aracati, Bahia, Ceara, Camouchi, Pernambuco, Parahyba, Minas, 
Maceio, Maranham, Para, Bio Grande. 

The price before the war was 8 J to 9 pence, or 1.75fr. to 2.10fr. the kilo- 
gram. 

The price at the moment of highest cost was 29 pence, or 6.70fr. the 
kilogram. 

Before the war Europe received only the following quantities from 
Brazil : 

1856-57 165,000 bales. 1859-60 127,000 bales. 

1857-58 124,000 bales. 1860-61 96,000 bales. 

1858-59 116,000 bales. 

of 180 pounds, or 81.5 kilograms each=7,800,000 kilograms. 

The consumption of these cottons, (of which England has taken two- 
thirds,) under the force of circumstances, has risen successively to — 



1864-65 324,000 bales. 

1865-66 423,000 bales. 

1866-67 450,000 bales. 



1861-62 122,000 bales. 

1862-63 160,000 bales. 

1863-64 208,000 bales. 

of 174 pounds, or 79 kilograms each=35,500,000 kilograms. 

It has, then, more than quadrupled. 

The whole of the vast territory of the Brazilian empire is suitable to 
the culture of cotton ; but it is chiefly the south (albeit it is the north 
which now exports) which supplies the finest qualities, of which that of 
Bio Grande should be cited before all. It is agreed by all that this cul- 
ture is susceptible of an immense development. 

OTHER SOURCES OF PRODUCTION. 

A quantity of 368,000 bales, or in weight 4£ per cent, of the 850,000,000 
kilograms of cotton which Europe consumed in 1860-'61 — such is the 
account of what has been produced by the efforts made to introduce 
cotton culture in new countries, and to extend it in countries where it 
had already existed on a small scale. It is at once little and much ; little, 
if compared with the wants to be satisfied ; much, if we take account of 
the difficulties overcome ! It is the fact, that in this culture the capacity 
to produce is far from being a pledge or giving assurance of production. 
The conditions of capital, of skill, and labor ; those even of political or 
administrative regulation, play parts of an importance nearly equal to 
the influences of climate and geographical situation. 

It woidd be difficult to say at present which will be the new countries 



COTTON. Ill 

permanently acquiring the cotton culture 5 but there are some where it 
will infallibly extend, because there it succeeds perfectly. Queensland 
and Tahiti stand in the first line for their long staples (soies.) As to 
those countries where the culture has been a long time established and 
developed, as in the Indies, Brazil, and Egypt, it is evident that from 
them will be received the most important assistance in a time of scarcity. 

The further we advance in our task the more difficult it becomes to 
follow each country in its successive steps of progress in the cotton cul- 
ture. The extent of a work of this kind will be better understood, and 
the absence of interest which would attach to it if pushed to its extreme 
limits, when it is known that, in addition to the sources of supply to 
which Europe habitually looks, there happen to be one hundred and sev- 
enty-one places of production, and that in observing the arrivals in the 
ports we constantly learn of new ones. 

We will then only pause a moment at those which, like Turkey and 
Greece, are too near us not to feel the effect of our stimulations to a 
larger production, and in closing we will devote a few lines to our 
colonies. 

TURKEY, GREECE, PERSIA, MALTA, ETC. 

Importation into Europe, 163,000 bales in 1866-'67. 

In an address to the Sultan in July, of this year, on the occasion of 
his visit to England, the Cotton Association congratulated him that the 
exportation of cotton for England, from the states of his dominion, had 
increased from 41,212 hundred weight, (2,060,000 kilograms,) which it 
attained in the* year 1862, to 223,000 hundred weight, (11,150,000 kilo- 
grams.) There had been, as there ought to be, under the influence of 
repeated encouragements, a very considerable increase, independent of 
an improvement of quality, from the use of better gins and seeds. The 
steps accomplished in respect of quantity would have been even more 
conspicuous but for the extreme haste attending the shipments. 

Especially was there very great improvement upon the cotton of Salo- 
nica, Volo, and Piree, both in staple and cleanliness. The contributions 
from Smyrna and Syria have equally presented good results, whereas 
the cotton from Egypt and Algeria has, on the contrary, left something 
to be desired in respect both of strength and length (of fibre.) The cot- 
tons of Cyprus are not improved. 

ITALY. 

Importation into France : 

In 1861, in 1,000 kilograms 30 

In 1862, in 1,000 kilograms 37 

In 1863, in 1,000 kilograms 441 

In 1864, in 1,000 kilograms 

In 1865, in 1,000 kilograms. 3,150 



112 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Estimate of crops : Manchester, upon the Italian data given, valued 
that of 1863 at 89,000 bales of 100 kilograms ; x an exaggerated figure. 
For 18G5, the estimate was 8,500,000 kilograms. These statistics want 
exactness. The mills of the country retain a good part of the cotton 
which grows at their doors. 

Here are yet further figures that we owe to a house in Naples, who 
regret their inability to give only approximations : 

1. Before the American war we estimated the production of the Nea- 
politan provinces at 1,335,000 kilograms ; that of the Sicilian provinces 
the same; say, together, 2,670,000 kilograms. 

2. In 1864 and 1865, we estimated the production of the Neapolitan 
and Sicilian provinces each at 4,150,000 kilograms ; together, say, 8,900,000 
kilograms. 

Whereas the exportation (it being relieved of the duty imposed upon 
the foreign article) in 1864 was 2,581,000 kilograms, and in 1865 it was 
4,005,000; the remainder has thus been consumed at home, especially 
by the mills in the north part of Italy. 

SPAIN. 

The decrees of 1810 and 1811, which regulated the right of admission 
for cotton and wool into France, treat with comparative favor the cottons 
of Naples (Castellamare) and those of Spain, (Motril ;) but the differential 
duties disappeared in 1814, and soon with them the names even of the 
Castellamare and Motril cottons, which the generation that preceded us 
had heard so often while the continental system endured. 

We have mentioned the resumption of tlie cotton culture in Italy. It 
was in 1865 only that it appeared to have had a place at Motril, a small 
port near Grenada. 

They estimate the crop of 1865-'66 at 630,000 kilograms ; of 1866-'67 
at 840,000 kilograms ; and it is supposed that the crop of lS67-'68 will 
attain to 1,000,000 kilograms. 

The larger part of these cottons have been spun by an establishment 
at Malaga. Only a small quantity has been shipped to England, and 
none of it to France. It is sold at the current price of Egyptian, with 
which it corresponds in quality. 

Some cotton has been grown at Iviza, (Balearic Isles,) and sold to the 
spinners at Barcelona. 

These appear to be the limits of the attempts at cotton culture in Spain. 

1 Weights of bales fictitious, for the bales of Castellamare are reckoned ainoug the heavi- 
est that appear in market. 



COTTON. 



113 



FRENCH COLONIES. 



The following are the quantities taken for consumption in France, for 
the several years and the places of production, (in kilograms :) 





1861. 


1862. 


1863. 


1864. 


1865. 




246, 000 


134, 000 


157, 000 


443, 000 
105, 000 


560, 000 




242, 000 
50, 000 












65, 000 


187, 000 




639, 000 


304, 000 





















The importation of cotton from Algeria constituted in 1860 and 1861 
only .05 (five hundredths of one) per cent, of the general importation ; 
but this quantity, so insignificant in appearance, represented not less 
than five or six per cent, of the manufacturing demand for fine cottons, 
long staple, and has rendered precious service. So we shall be happy to 
see realized the hopes which depend upon the great works of damming 
destined to bestow upon Algeria the means of irrigation, indispensable to 
ts cotton culture, so often compromised by drought. 

Gruadaloupe, which has produced about one-half less than Algeria, 
appears to be stopped in its attempts ; and it is grievous, for its fitness 
to produce the finest sort of long staple remains undisputed. 

Guiana, Cochin-China, Senegal, Corsica, even our own departments 
du Midi, which had for a time believed they could enter the lists, forget- 
ting that they lacked two months of sun, are not outside the limits of 
attempts more or less successful, of which the results are too limited to 
enter into statistics. 

IV.— SOUECES OF SUPPLY OF THE VABIOITS KINDS OF COT- 
TON EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURES, 1864 TO 1867. 

[Long-stapled sorts are marked ".] 



Alabama United States. 

Arica * Peru. 

Aricati "Brazil. 

Adenos Levant. 

Arkansas United States. 

Angola West Africa. 

Algeria *Africa. 

Armenia Asia. 

Acre, (St. Jean d') Syria. 

Akoot „ Hindostan. 

Banda "Dutch possessions. 

Barbadoes * Antilles. 

Bahia ."Brazil. 

Broach Hindostan. 

Bourbon *French possessions. 

Bermuda ^English possessions. 

Bahamas English possessions. 

9 c 



Bownuggur Hindostan. 

Barri Italy. 

Bagdad Turkey in Asia. 

Ceylon British India. 

Candia Archipelago. 

Camptah Hindostan. 

Cassaba Smyrna, (Levant.) 

Caraccas * Central America 

Cyprus Levant. 

C6ara "Brazil. 

Candahar East Indies. 

Carthagena "Venezuela. 

Coimbator Hindostan. 

Cote Ferme. 

Cumana - "Central America. 

Castellamare Italy. 

Cayenne "French Guiana. 



114 



PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



China. 

Camouchi "Brazil. 

Carolina United States. 

Cuba "Spanish Antilles. 

Casma "Peru. 

Caramania Turkey in Asia. 

Cephallonia Ionian Isles. 

Cote d'Or Senegal. 

Caucasus Asia. 

Constantinople Turkey. 

Cocanadah Hindostan. 

Catania Italy. 

Calabria Italy. 

Dhollerah Hindostan. 

Dharwar Hindostan. 

Demarara "English Guiana. 

Dardanelles Turkey in Europe. 

Elias "Peru. 

Feejee Islands 

Florida "United States. 

Francavilla Italy. 

Georgia, (uplands) United States. 

Georgia, (Sea Island). "United States. 

Guadaloupe "Little Antilles. 

Guayaquil "Ecuador. 

Grenada Spain. 

Galles of the South East Indies. 

Hayti "Grand Antilles. 

Hinghenghaut East Indies. 

Jumel *Egypt. 

Jamaica * West Indies. 

Idelep Syria. 

Java "Isles of Sunda. 

Japan Asia. 

Jujures 

Jumboreer Hindostan. 

Kandish Hindostan. 

Kircagach Levant. 

Kurachee Hindostan. 

Kinick - - Levant. 

Kirekly Hindostan. 

Louisiana United States. 

La Guayra "Venezuela. 

Lagos Africa. 

Liberia Africa. 

Livadi Greece. 

Loanda Africa. 

Latakia Syria. 

Majorca "Spain. 

Manjalore "Hindostan. 

Minas "Brazil. 

Macedonia Turkey. 

Malta English possessions. 

Maceio "Brazil. 



Metelin Turkey. 

Madras Hindostan. 

Martinique "Little Antilles. 

Mobile United States. 

Maranhain * Brazil. 

Mazzara Italy. 

Marocco Africa. 

Nevis Little Antilles. 

Navigator's Island Polynesia. 

Nasca "Peru. 

Naplouse Syria. 

Natal Africa. 

New Orleans United States. 

Nicaragua "Central America. 

Oomruwuttee Hindostan. 

Philippine islands South Seas. 

Pay ta "Peru. 

Persia Asia. 

Pisco "Peru. 

Paraiba "Brazil. 

Porto Rico "Antilles. 

Para "Brazil. 

Puerto Cabello "Venezuela. 

Paramaribo "Dutch Guiana. 

Pirteus Greece. 

Pouille Italy. 

Pacchino Italy. 

Pernambuco "Brazil. 

Queensland "Australia. 

Rangoon India. 

Realejo "Central America. 

Rio Grande "Brazil. 

Red Western Madras. 

Rio Hacha "South America. 

Rarotonga South Sea islands. 

Surat Hindostan. 

Smyrna Turkey in Asia. 

Senegal Africa. 

Surinam "Dutch Guiana. 

Sonboujeac Levant. 

Scinde East Indies. 

Somanco 

Salonica Turkey. 

Syria Asia. 

Shanghai China. 

Salem "Hindostan. 

Sciacca Italy. 

Siam "Asia. 

Singapore Asia. 

Seychelles Indian ocean. 

Sardinia 

South Seas 

Tahiti "Society Islands. 

Tobago English Antilles. 

Tinnevilly Madras. 



COTTON. 



115 



Tennessee United States. 

Tortola . * Antilles. 

Trinidad de Cuba ^Spanish Antilles. 

Texas' United States. 

Toomels Hindostan. 

Tarsus Turkey in Asia. 

Tripoli Bar bary states. 

Trebizond Asia. 

St. Thomas *Danish Antilles. 

Tunis Barbary States. 

Terranova Italy. 



Tampico Mexico. 

Tarranto Italy. 

Uruguay South America. 

Virginia United States. 

Varinas Venezuela. 

Venezuela *South America. 

Volo Macedonia. 

Weraoul Hindostan. 

Yucatan *Mexico. 

Zante Ionian Isles. 

New Zealand English possessions. 



The foregoing catalogue concludes the section of the jury report by 
M. Dollfus upon the production of cotton. 

This catalogue is given in full here because it is nearly identical in 
extent and details with the list of samples of the cotton of all countries 
exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 by the Manchester Cotton 
Supply Association, and with the excellent collection of samples sup- 
plied to the United States Commission to the Exposition, by the cour- 
tesy of the same association, as described in the first part of this report. 















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